经济外文翻译----产业集群中的竞争和合作：应用于公共政策(编辑修改稿)

经济外文翻译----产业集群中的竞争和合作：应用于公共政策(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

be most mon where business activity is conditioned by local politics, religion and close kinship and friendship relationships. Thus, ―it is probably not a coincidence that the most successful districts have tended to be the most racially and culturally homogeneous‖ (Harrison, 1992, p. 479). Equally, national (or other broader) economic, legal and policy traditions are relevant. The development of interfirm Ⅲ 3 cooperation is more likely in some countries, such as Italy, than in others, such as the UK, because of differences in the operation of labor markets and petition policy. According to theorists such as Granovetter (1985), trust arises from the ‗digestion‘ of experience. Trust accumulates from repeated interactions between firms and other actors in which they contract and recontract, formally and informally, strike deals, and help each other out at times of crisis. Trust res ults from a process of learning through experience which actors can be relied upon. Personal contact facilitates such repeated interactions and this in turn is likely to depend on proximity. This focus on untraded interdependencies is very different to the transactions costs approach to agglomeration. The latter concerns the cost minimization of traded relations while untraded interdependencies point to wider processes of the optimization of nonmarket or noncontract exchanges (Raco, 1999). Finally, it is important to note that untraded interdependencies can not only facilitate effective collective learning and action but also impede it. Especially where familiar conventions bee well established, ‗sclerosis‘ can set in. Areas can bee locked into outdated and inferior technologies and institutions. Innovative Milieux: The GREMI Group There have been various schools of thought on the relationship between innovation, high technology industry and regional development. One line of enquiry has focused on the conditions for the establishment and growth of such high technology plexes as Silicon Valley and Route 128. While many factors have been identified, the most discussed is the role of local research intensive universities, Stanford in the case of Silicon Valley and MIT in the case of Route 128. A large literature on the relationship between innovation, research universities and regional development has been spawned (Saxenian, 1985。 Castells amp。 Hall, 1994。 Storper, 1993). Another direction of research has been in pursuit of the notion of an innovative milieu, the key theoretical concept of the GREMI (Groupement Europe′en des Milieux Innovateurs) group of regional economists (Aydalot amp。 Keeble, 1988。 Camagni, 1995). Clustering enables firms to benefit from a ‗collective learning process‘, operating ―through skilled labor mobility within the local labor market, customer–supplier technical and organizational interchange, imitation processes … and informal ‗cafeteria‘ effects‖ (Camagni, 1991, p. 130). This process draws upon ―an intricate work of mainly informal contacts among local actors … Ⅲ 4 made up of personal facetoface encounters, casual information flows, customer–supplier cooperation and the like‖ (Camagni, 1991, p. 131). However, there is a certain ambiguity as to what precisely milieux are. By some readings, a milieu is a set of institutions, practices and rules which provide a framework for development which guides and coordinates the activities of innovators. By other readings, a milieu is a work, of firms, research institutes and policymaker。