经济专业外文翻译---软件产业和印度的经济发展(编辑修改稿)

经济专业外文翻译---软件产业和印度的经济发展(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

a way of signaling quality to customers. As one CEO put it “Take somebody from a good college (any of the top 20 colleges in India), give him 3 months of orientation and they are ready to take up a programming assignment. I don’t need all these engineers…. But I don’t want to be branded by my customers as a guy who hires NIIT graduates.” (Emphases added.) (From Sloan Report, Arora et al 1999) This is a clear instance of a “race to the top”. With limited market power, Indian software exporters try to distinguish themselves from the petition by pointing to the quality of their processes and people, and when possible, their experience. Firms also have quality concerns. Some managers we interviewed believe that an engineering education imparts a set of problem solving skills, methods of thinking logically and learning tools that help quick adaptation to changes in technology, domains and tasks. Since Indian firms provide services across a range of platforms and domains, this is an important asset. Another important consideration has to do the quality signaling in the labor market. The Indian education system is such that petition for an engineering education is intense, and as a result, graduating with an engineering degree is a signal of qualities such as intelligence and willingness to work hard. Software firms may prize these qualities more than the specific substantive Ⅲ 3 knowledge of engineering. If so, this is certainly an inefficient allocation of Indeed。 the software industry has been growing in part by drawing away engineers from other industries. In our interviews we came across a number of instances of engineers with highly specialized training (such as VLSI design or satellite systems) working on tasks such as database design or development of business application software. Quite a few senior level engineers were drawn from a variety of public sector research and development institutions. Such a transfer of resources is entirely in line with the presumed parative advantage in software development. Of course, there are a variety of distortions in the Indian economy, which imply caution in interpreting the market In addition to changing the position of economic activity, the increasingly tight market for engineers and managers is also likely to affect the organization of economic activity. As we discuss in greater detail in section 6, the increasing demand for trained engineers and managers is also affecting the balance between capital and labor (or more precisely, between capital and human capital), resulting in organizational innovations. The clearly increasing payoffs to human capital are also inducing greater investment in human capital. The Indian middle class has always relied upon education, particularly professional education such as engineering or medicine as means of economic advance. However, with a slowly growing economy, the returns to such investments have not been very high. The precarious state of public finances has limited the ability of the central and state governments to expand tertiary edu。