安化县2008年节水灌溉工程可行性研究报告(编辑修改稿)

安化县2008年节水灌溉工程可行性研究报告(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

mi cal ferti li zers has vee very m on i n farm i ng. Many farmers wel ed them as great way to stop crop di sease and increase producti on. Recentl y, however, sci enti sts have been fi ndi ng that l ongterm use of these fertil zers can cause dam age to the l and and, even m ore dangerous, to peopl e’s heal th. What are some of the probl em s caused by chemi cal ferti li zers? Fi rst, they dam age the land by ki li ng the hel pful bacteri a and pests as wel as the harm ful ones. Chemi cal s al so stay i n the ground and underground water for a l onog tim e. This affects crops and, therefore, anim al s and hum ans, si nce chemi cal s get insi de the crops and cannot just be washed of. These chem i cals i n the food suppl y buil d up in peopl e’s bodi es over tim e. Many of these chem ical s can l ead to cancer or other il lneses. In addi ti on, frui t, vegetabl es and other fod grown with chemi cal ferti li zers usual ly grow too fast to be ful of much nutriti on. They may look beauti ful, but i nsi de there i s usual ly m ore water than vitami ns and mi neral s. Wi th these di scoveri es, som e farm ers and m any custom ers are begi nni ng to turn to ani c farm i ng. O rgani c farm ing is sim pl y farmi ng without usi ng any chemi cals. They focus on kepi ng their soi l ri ch and fre of disease. A healthy soil reduces di sease and hel ps crops grow strong and healthy. Organic farm ers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from anim als as ferti li zer. They feel that thi s m akes the soil in thei r fi elds ri cher i n mi nerals and so m ore ferti l e. Thi s al so keps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemi cal s. Organic farmers al so use m any other methods to kep the soil fertil e. They often change the knd of crop in each fi el d every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important mi neral s back i nto the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need ri ch and fertil e soil. Organi c farm ers also pl ant crops to use different l evels of soi l, for exam pl e, planti ng peanuts that use the ground’s surface fol l owed by vegetables that put down deep roots. Som e ani c farm ers prefer pl anting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from caryi ng away the soil , and then l eaving it i n the ground to be e a natural fertil izer for the next year’s crop. These m any different anic farmi ng m ethods have the same goal : to grow good fod and avoid dam agi ng the environm ent or peopl e’s health. An earl y farm er pi oneer Som e peopl e thought Ji a Si xi e was a lucky m an. H e had worked for the emperor and when he got ol d, he was abl e to go hi s hometown to rel ax. Jia Si xi e, however, had other pl ans. H e had al ways ben interested in agri cul ture and i ntended to do som ethi ng to make Chi nese farm ing even beter. Jia Si xi e li ved i n the si x century AD. H e was born i n Yidu in Shandong provi nce and worked in Gaoyang, which is al so i n Shangdong. As he rode through the countrysi de on hi s journeys for his work he l ooked out at the fi el ds. Som e of them were greener and had m ore crops than others. Som e cows and sheep looked heal thi er than others too. H e was l ost i n though. What could a farm er do to get good crops from hi s fi elds? Surel y there m ust be rul es that woul d hel p them . H e thought he coul d use his knowl edge to fi nd out the best ways for farm ers to grow crops and then wri te a book to hel p them. In doing so he col ected i nform ati on from farm ers who did wel, studi ed i t and di d experiments to fi nd the best way. For example, he studi ed ways of kepi ng seds and advi sed farmers to choose sedheads whi ch had the best color. Then he tol d them to hang them to dry al l wi nter. The next spri ng the seds shoul d be knocked out of their seedheads and planted. H e studi ed how to im prove the soil . H e advised farm ers to cl ear weeds from the ground before pl anting crops. They coul d either l et the anim al s eat the weeds or turn the soi l over so that the weeds were covered and would rot. Then he gave advi ce on Turing over the soil. The first tim e each year, farm ers shoul d di g deepl y, but the second tim e should be l ess deep. Therefore the autum n pl oughing of the soi l shoul d be deeper thant the spring ploughi ng. He suggested changing crops in the fi el d every year: rive one year and wheat the next so that they woul d al ways get god harvests. They shoul d al so grow different pl ants next to each other i n the fi el d. He also gave adive on how to fish, keep a garden and even make wi ne. H e wrote down hi s in a book cal ed Qi Mi n Yao Shu, whi ch was consi dered an im portant summary of the knowledge of farmi ng. For centuri es after Ji a Si xie di ed, i t was studi ed by Chi nese farm ers and students of agri cul ture. Unit 3 A MASTER O F NON VERBAL H UMO UR As Victor H ugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face”, and up to now nobody has ben abl e to do this better than Charli e Chapli n. H e bri ghtened the li ves of Am eri cans and Bri ti sh through two world wars and the hard years in between. He made people l augh at a tim e when they felt depressed, so they coul d fel m ore content wi th thei r li ves. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy! H e was born i n a por fami ly i n 1889. Hi s parents were both poor musi c hal performers. You m ay fi nd i t astoni shing that Charli e was taught to si ng as soon as he coul d speak and dance as soon as he coul d wal k. Such trai ning was m on in acti ng fam il es at that tim e, especi al ly when the fami ly i n e was often uncertai n. Unfortunately his father di ed, l eaving the fam il y even worse of, so Charli e spent hi s chi ldhood l ooking after hi s si ck m other and his brother. By hi s tens, Charli e had, through his hum our, be e one of the m ost po。