毕业设计(论文)_on_negative_pragmatic_transfer_in_intercultural_communication(编辑修改稿)

毕业设计(论文)_on_negative_pragmatic_transfer_in_intercultural_communication(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

as meaning in interaction (1995:22). From these definitions, it can be easily seen that from different starting points, different definitions from different emphases can be given, which will lead to definitions with limitations and onesidedness. But that does not mean it cannot give a definition to pragmatics. Actually, people can have the definition in all kinds of pragmatic works made by its writer from their own emphases. However, it is meaningless to pare the superior and inferior among these definitions, the differences are only the emphases and words. The various definitions can deepen the understanding of pragmatics.(He Zhaoxiong 20xx:9) Definition of Pragmatic Transfer Pragmatic transfer is a domain of Interlanguage pragmatics(ILP). But trying a prehensive and sound definition of pragmatic transfer is problematic since both ponents of phrase are, in themselves, problematic as they have been used with different meanings or with similar meaning but under different labels. According to Kasper, Pragmatic transfer in interlanguage pragmatics shall refer to the influence exerted by learners39。 pragmatic knowledge of languages and cultures other than L2 on their prehension, production and learning of L2 pragmatic information. (1992:207). Faerch amp。 Kasper defined pragmatic knowledge as a particular ponent of language users39。 general municative knowledge, that is, knowledge of how verbal acts are understood and performed in accordance with a speaker39。 s intention under contexual and discoursal constraints(1984:214). Stemming from the inseparable relation between language and culture, Kasper(1992) identified two types of pragmatic transfer: pragmalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic transfer(1992:208). Both pramalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic are terms derived from Leech39。 s treatment towards the scope of pragmatic and which Thomas(1983) picked up in classifying the types of pragmatic failure. Pragmalinguistic, in Leech39。 s definition, refers to our linguistic knowledge of language use, and sociopragmatics is related with how our sociological knowledge influences 湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计） III our interaction(1983:10). Inspired by Leech39。 s dichotomy, Kasper saw it fit to introduce both terms to categorize the learners39。 pragmatic transfer, for she remarked that Leech(1983) distinction between pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics, applied by Thomas(1983) to indentify two major types of 39。 pragmatic transfer39。 , is equally suitable to broadly separate two main loci of pragmatic transfer (1992:20xx). To Kasper(1992), a pragmalinguistic transfer is the influence of the learner39。 s knowledge about the illocutionary force or politeness value assigned to particular linguistic form functions in NL which, when mapped by learners into the perception and production of a similar situation in TL sounds different to native speakers. To put it another way, a pragmalinguistic transfer is the process whereby the illocutionary force or politeness value assigned to a particular linguistic material in NL, influences learners39。 perception and production of form function mappings in TL (Kasper 1992:209). Different from a pragmalinguistic transfer, a sociopragmatic transfer is a process operative when the social perceptions underlying language users/ interpretation and performance of linguistic action in TL are influenced by their assessment of subjectively equivalent NL contexts(ibid:209). Pragmatic transfer can be positive or negative. So it can be devided into positive pragmatic transfer and negative pragmatic transfer. But the focus of study has been on negative transfer because of its potential risk to municative success. Positive transfer, however, has received much less attention since it usually results in municative success and therefore is less exiciting to study(Kasper amp。 BlumKulka 1993:10). Besides, it is methodologically difficult to disentangle positive transfer from universal pragmatic knowledge and generalization on the basis of available interlanguage pragmatic knowledge. Intercultural Communication The understanding of definition and research of intercultural munication is essential to understand intercultural munication. Definition of Intercultural Communication Intercultural munication is about how people from different cultures municate. The term intercultural has many synonyms, such as interethnic, interracial, transcultural, transracial, and crosscultural. Driven and Putz point out All these terms denote slightly different aspects of wider field prising the 湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计） III contrast or parison between two different cultural munication... Probably because 39。 intercultural39。 covers the widest field, this term seems to be generally preferred now. (1993:144). That is the reason why we have employed the term intercultural here. Samovar claimed that intercultural munication occurs whenever a message that must been understood is produced by a member of one culture for consumption by a member of another culture.(1994:19). And intercultural munication refers to the munication between people from two different culture.(Chen Guoming amp。 Starasta 1998:28) So it is obvious that these definitions always refer to two aspects: the munication between people and these people e from different cultures. To put it more precisely, intercultural munication is the munication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the munication event. Pragmatic Transfer and Intercultural Communication It is widely reported and empirically supported that language leaners39。 pragmatic performance is influenced by their language and culture. This influence of L1 pragmatic petence on interlanguage pragmatic knowledge that differs from the L2 target language is referred to as pragmatic。