测绘专业外文翻译3(编辑修改稿)

测绘专业外文翻译3(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

the fundamental geographic information data munication work system. V. MAP PUBLICATION During the reported period, the categories and quantities of maps have greatly increased and these maps have been used in more and more fields. Now in China, there are 9 specific cartographic publishing houses, and over 100 publishing houses which publish maprelated products and are distributed all over China. The China Cartographic Publishing House is the largest map publishing house in China. With the development of puter technology, mapmaking methods have pletely changed. Computeraided cartography, laser photographic technology and office working have been used in map pilation and publication. Some electronic atlases have been in the market, such as the General Atlas of China, Beijing Electronic Maps, etc. Since 1997, various kinds of physical, social and economic maps and atlases have been published, including some large cartographic products and plastic stereo maps, . a Collection of Ancient Maps in China (Chinese and English edition), and Atlas of Population and Sustainable Development of China (Chinese and English edition). A large number of school maps and atlases were made jointly by map publishing houses and educational departments. Various specific maps and atlases have been published, such as transportation maps and atlases, regional and municipal tourist maps and atlases, urban maps and atlases, children maps and atlases, etc. Maps have been used in more and more fields, . media, 9 advertisement, and exhibitions. The pilation of national atlas (second edition) was started in 1987, with the coordinating office located in SBSM as the leading agency. The national atlases consist of five volumes. By now, four volumes have been published: Atlas of Agriculture, Atlas of National Economy, Atlas of General Maps, and Atlas of National Nature. The Atlas of Chinese History will be published very soon. VI. CADASTRE SURVEY The management of cadastral surveying and mapping is one of the SBSM administrative responsibilities. In 1985, SBSM started the reestablishment of cadastre in China, mainly in urban areas at the scale of 1:500, 1:1,000 and 1:2,000. SBSM has issued Regulations on Cadastral Surveying and Mapping, the Cadastre Map Format, and the Manual on Cadastral Surveying and Mapping. The development of cadastral survey differs in China from region to region. In Guangdong Province, multipurpose cadastre and land information system have been established, and widely used in different fields such as land management, house management, taxation, urban planning, and household management. At present, SBSM is working on national standards on cadastral surveying and mapping. SBSM is making efforts to set up administrative systems of cadastral survey for qualification of survey units, cadastral results checking and quality supervision. VII. HYDROGRAPHY In China, the hydrographic charting mainly consists of the nautical 10 charting and special purpose charting. The equipment used in hydrographic charting includes depthsounder, sidescan sonar, marine gravimeter, magometer, depthsounding automatic system, and onethousandton prehensive survey ships. The hydrographic charting is widely used in ocean transportation, fishery, ocean petroleum oil and gas exploration, and development of ocean resources. In the past three years, GPS and DGPS technology was used in hydrographic charting, and over 100 charts at various scales were made and over 1000 charts were piled for coastlines, newports and islands. The construction of hydrographic charting database has started for data collection and processing. Some newgeneration electronic charting has been provided to users. A few national standards have been published, . the Regulations on Hydrographic Charting, the Formats for Hydrographic Charting, and Instructions on Electronic Charts. VIII. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In China, a surveying and mapping research system and a scientific and technical service work have been gradually set up jointly by research institutions, universities and production units. The main objectives of the research and development are to provide technical support to national development of surveying and mapping, to set up example projects for national or regional development, to study and solve some key technological issues, and to speed up the transfer of scientific results into production. In the research and applications of positioning technology, a large national project called China Crustal Movement Monitoring Network 11 was carried out. The objective of the project is to establish a regional observation work for real time and dynamically monitoring the crustal movement and change in China. The observation work is posed of 25 continuously observing stations, 56 regularly observing stations and 1000 irregularly observing points. In China, there are now 8 ground GPS tracking stations distributed in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, etc. The geoid of the areas of the China east coast lines was defined with twoyear Geosat data and T/P data. In the development of geographic information systems emphasis was put on data policy, data standards, framework database establishment, hardware and software development, data sharing, and data applications. With the pletion of 1:1m and 1:250,000 database construction, the fundamenta。