英语专业毕业论文写作格式要求(本科生(编辑修改稿)

英语专业毕业论文写作格式要求(本科生(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

phor). Since „to draw away‟ and „to cleave‟ are each a species of the genus „taking away‟, one can say with blade of bronze drew away the life (speciestospecies metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (此符号 ，引文出处与上相同。 本例为整段引用，即 block quotation， 前后空五号字一行 ) All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy metaphors are the most pleasing. Aristotle also holds that metaphor can make the prosaic style charming, and stresses that it can only be confined to 引文：前缩进 10 个字母、后不缩进、上下各空1 行 二级标题、 Times New Roman 四号、顶格加粗、下不空行 13 poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay 1). Also in this chapter of Poetics, he elaborates how metaphors are unusual and discusses the relationship between metaphor and genius, viewing metaphor as a talent of epic poets and tragedians: The greatest thing by far is to have a mand of metaphor. This alone can not be imported by another。 it is the mark of genius—for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblances ( Aristotle 72). As Hawks writes about Aristotle‟s account of metaphor: It is abundantly clear that, as an entity in itself, metaphor is regarded as a decorative addition to language, to be used in specific ways, and at specific times and places (ibid. 89). In Rhetoric,（书名下划线） Aristotle says that the best metaphors are those that achieve the effect of bringing things vividly before the eyes of the audience. He argues that this effect is “produced by words which refer to things in action”( ibid. 9293). “The best image involves a metaphor”(ibid. 96). From the above statements, we know that Aristotle views metaphor as a rhetorical device and an embellishment of language. Finally he establishes his theory on metaphor—Comparison Theory. It is the earliest theory in the history of the study of metaphor. Its main gist is: 1 Metaphors are matters of language and not matters of thought or action. 引文：前缩进 10 个字母、后不缩进、上下各空1 行 引文：前缩进 10 个字母、后不缩进、上下各空1 行 14 There is no such thing as metaphorical thought or action. 2 A metaphor of the form “A is B” is a linguistic expression whose meaning is the same as a corresponding linguistic expression of the form “A is like B, in respect X, Y, Z…” “Respects X, Y, Z…” characterize what we have called “isolated similarities”. 3 A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It can‟t create similarities (Lakoff amp。 Johnson 1980: 153).（如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作，应加上出版年代以示区别） ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 一级标题 标题上面小三Times New Roman 空三行，单倍行距 引文：前缩进 10 个字母、后不缩进、上下各空1 行 15 III. On Similarity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 一级标题标题上面小三Times New Roman 空三行，单倍行距 一级标题单独起页、 Times New Roman 三号、顶格加粗、下空小四一行 一级标题单独起页、 Times New Roman 三号、顶格加粗、下空小四一行 16 IV. On the Mechanism of Metaphor …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………。