英语专业(本科)毕业论文cultural_conflicts_in_intercultural_communication(编辑修改稿)

英语专业(本科)毕业论文cultural_conflicts_in_intercultural_communication(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

rk to a great extent. In fact, for a business person handling the situation well means keeping it from having an impact on work. Reports should e in on time if possible.‖ (Varner amp。 Beamer, 20xx: 10) 3. Culture Conflicts Connotation According to Martin and Nakayama (20xx: 195), ―Conflict is usually defined as involving a perceived or real inpatibility of goals, values, expectations, processes, or outes between two or more interdependent individuals or groups.‖ One thing we can be sure of is that conflict is unavoidable. Conflicts are happening all around the world, as they always have. Thus cultural conflicts are the conflicts occurring in intercultural munication which is caused by cultural differences that can also not be avoided. Types of Cultural Conflicts Common categories of cultural conflict include affective conflict, cognitive 7 conflict, value conflict, goal conflict and conflict of interest. Affective Conflict ―Affect conflict occurs when individuals bee aware that their feelings and emotions are inpatible.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx: 197) ―Suppose someone finds out that his or her romantic feelings for a close friend are not reciprocated.‖ More detailed, such as our Chinese are not used to say ―thank you‖ after our family members or close friend had helped us, but Americans always appreciate others who have given them the help. Thus the affective conflict may occur when a Chinese and an American are in their intercultural munication. Cognitive Conflict ―Cognitive conflict describes a situation in which two or more people bee aware that their thought process or perceptions are in conflict.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx:198) For example, suppose that Mary and David argue frequently about whether Mary‘s friend Bob is paying too much attention to her. David suspects that Bob wants to have sex with Mary, but Mary doesn‘t agree. Their different perceptions of the situation constitute cognitive conflict. Deng and Jia (1991: 169)gave us another example as follows. Chinese are likely to say ―Have you eaten yet?‖ when we meet a friend. It is one way of expressing ―Hello‖ or ―Hi‖. But after hearing this the westerners are tend to think that their Chinese friends arre afraid they have not money for eating. This kind of cognitive conflict offen occurs in intercultural munication. Value Conflict ―Value conflict is a more serious type. It occurs when people have different ideologies.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx: 197) For instance, in Chinese culture, people like a modest and polite person who can acmodate himself to circumstances but more westerners think this kind of people lack passion and ambition. Martin and Nakayama illustrate us an example of value conflict: Ruben and Laura have been married for several months and are starting to argue frequently about how to raise their children. Laura believes strongly that one parent should stay at home with the children when they are small, so she would like to wait until 8 they have saved enough money and she can stop working for a few years. Ruben wants to have children immediately but does not want Laura to stop working。 he thinks their children will do fine in day care. Goal Conflict ―Goal conflict occurs when people disagree about a preferred oute or end state.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx:198) For example, suppose that Bob and Charles, who have been in a relationship for 10 years, have just bought a house. Bob wants to furnish the house slowly, making sure that money goes into the savings account for retirement. But Charles wants to furnish the house immediately, using money from their savings. Their individual goals are in conflict with each other. There is another obvious example as follows. After children have grown up, most Chinese would still live with their parents even grandparents but westerns think adults should leave home and constitute their own one. This fact shows a goal conflict between Chinese and Westerners. Conflict of Interest ―A conflict of interest describes a situation in which people have inpatible preferences for a course of action or plan to pursue.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx:197) Conflict of interest occurs if an individual has a financial or other interest in a pany doing business with his or her employer. For example, a person working for a government agency that awards contracts to private industry may have a financial interest in a pany bidding for these contracts. A conflict of interest occurs if the government employee favors the pany in which he or she has an interest.(Jones, 1900: 936) Causes for Cultural Conflicts To fully understand cultural conflicts, we need to look beyond individuals who may be in conflict. Many cultural conflicts can be better understood by paying attention to society, economy, history, and religion which are the main causes for cultural conflicts. Society and Economy The society causes cultural conflicts in groups of unequal or unjust social 9 relationships. ―Consider, for example, the social conflict in northern Wisconsin between many Whites and Native Americans over fishing rights. Much of the media attention focused only on the intercultural conflicts between particular individuals, but these individual conflicts were only the tip of the iceberg. The economy in this part of Wisconsin is heavily dependent on tourism and fishing. Many Whites accused the Anishinabe(Chippewa) of overfishing, causing an economic downturn in the area and leading to uneasy social relationships. A treaty signed in 1837 had given the Anishinabe yearround fishing rights in exchange for the northern third of Wisconsin.‖ (Martin amp。 Nakayama, 20xx: 208) Recognizing the influence of society and economy is necessary to understanding cultural conflicts。