本科毕业设计(论文)翻译--高层结构与钢结构(编辑修改稿)

本科毕业设计(论文)翻译--高层结构与钢结构(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building. Stressedskin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in highrise building. The stressedskin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressedskin tube utilizes the fa231。 ade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in highrise buildings, and resulting in costeffective columnfree interior space with a high ratio of to gross floor area. Because of the contribution of the stressedskin fa231。 ade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special builtup members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset 49 beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh. Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a petitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings. Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at () centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8in . thick (20m) flatplate concrete slabs. Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings bines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tubeintube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories. Systems bining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the posite system developed by skidmore, Owings amp。 Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby bining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system. Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of largescale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hotrolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the , , , Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s. Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the SiemensMartin (openjhearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel 50 construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning。