新科学和技术以及创新在印度的发展外文翻译(编辑修改稿)

新科学和技术以及创新在印度的发展外文翻译(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

in the output of degree and diploma awarding institutions. The number of institutions offering formal degreelevel education in engineering more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, from 339 to 776. Student intake capacity also doubled with 80% rise in the science/engineering places. Although venture capital organizations started to emerge in India in 1986, the growth of technologybased ventures did not catch up. In the last decade, however, there has been a substantial rise in ITbased venture capital. Nigam (2020) records that venture capital investments reached $350 million in 2020, as against a figure of less than $5 million in 1995. A large chunk of this amount (70%) was directed into the IT sector. Many new venture capital firms are being set up, either by Indianbased industrialists and young professionals or by Indians based overseas. Although recent studies (Chandrasekhar and Basavarajappa, 2020。 Mehta and Sama, 2020) show that there has been little change in Ramp。 D intensity of Indian industry, there has been a clear shift toward increased product development and innovation (Krishnan and Prabha, 1999). This has been acpanied by increased awareness of intellectual property (IP) rights and, by implication, the importance of patenting. According to the US Patent Office, of the ten Indiabased organizations which filed the largest number of US patents in the 19952020 period, three are Indian pharmaceutical panies. The CSIR has also been filing patents in India and the US, all this result of new outwardlooking policies. 4. Science and Technology Policy in Relation to the Multilateral System India is a founder member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which came into effect on January 1 1995, after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. India39。 s participation is based on the need to ensure more stability and predictability in international trade with a view to achieving more trade and prosperity for itself and the other members of the WTO. The multilateral trading system administered by the WTO aims to bring about orderliness, transparency and predictability in global trade through reductions in tariffs, progressive removal of nontariff barriers, elimination of tradedistorting measures and systems of values to serve as guidelines for national legislation to bring about uniformity in laws and regulations everywhere. The establishment of the WTO has created a forum for continuous negotiations to reconcile differing and oftentimes conflicting interests of members. Although there is unanimity in the provisions of International Trade theory that free trade enhances global welfare, nationalism and differing goals as well as the appropriation of the benefits of trade lead to many disagreements and conflicts within the global trading system. Conflicts arise between developed and developing countries (as a result of differing developmental needs and goals) and even between developed or developing country blocs. India strongly subscribes to the multilateral approach to trade relations and grants MFN treatment to all its trading partners, including even those, which are nonmembers of the WTO. Within the WTO, India has mitted itself to ensuring that the sectors in which developing countries hold a parative advantage are adequately opened up to international trade and also that the special Differential Treatment Provisions for developing countries under various WTO Agreements are translated into specific enforceable dispensations in order that developing countries are facilitated in。