教育专业外文翻译---高等教育成本分担中的财政与政治-教育教学(编辑修改稿)

教育专业外文翻译---高等教育成本分担中的财政与政治-教育教学(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ace of general inflation, which then erodes their real value. This happened to the once very generous grants in Britain (which were later abandoned altogether), and has happened to the value of the maintenance grants in Russia and most of the rest of the former Soviet republics, and in Eastern and Central Europe. 5. This can be acplished through a diminution of the subsidies on student loans (similar to the diminution in the value of nonrepayable grants), and might be acplished through an increase in interest rates, or a reduction in the length of time that interest is not charged, or through a reduction in the numbers of loans for which the repayments, for any number of reasons, are forgiven. Or the effective cost recovery might be acplished through a tightening of collections, or a reduction in the instances of default, with no change in the effective rates of interest paid by those who were repaying anyway. 6. The limitation of capacity in the low or tuition free public sector together with the official encouragement (and frequently a public subsidization) of atuition dependent private higher education sector. A number of countries—notably Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, and other countries in Latin America and East Asiahave avoided much governmental expenditure on higher education by keeping a limited public sector—usually elite and selective—and shifting much of the costs of expanded participation to parents and students through encouraging private (often profitmaking) higher educational institutions. III Examples of CostSharing and its Worldwide Growth As seen above, costsharing takes on many different forms. But in whatever form or forms, costsharing is generally increasing throughout the world at the start of the 21st century • The US, where the costs of higher educationhigh and rapidly rising over time to begin withhave been rising even faster in that share borne by parents and students in the form of tuition fees as the share borne by governments, or taxpayers, has been diminishing. Public sector tuitions and fees as reported by the College Board (2020) and as analyzed for their appropriateness by Johnstone (2020) vary widely—mainly by state and type of institution rather than by degree programbut range for undergraduates from a low of around $2020 to a high of $$5000 and more (and at least double that amount for students from another state). Total expenses to students range from a low of about $5000 for students at munity colleges living with their parents, to highs ranging from $35,000 to $40,000 a year living in residence or independently at a prestigious private college or university. The US, however, has extensive programs, both at the state and federal levels of government, and from the colleges and universities themselves, of “needbased,” or “meanstested” grants and minimally subsidized loans, such that all students can afford at least the public college or university, and the most able students, regardless of the ine of their family, can be assured of sufficient financial assistance to attend the most expensive institution, albeit with extensive loans and parttime employment. • The UK in 1997 became the first European country to impose more than a nominal tuition fee—although it is still low by US public college and university standards. The tuition fee in England and Wales is more than $1500 and can be covered by need based grants and loans, to be repaid as a portion of their earnings, or “ine contingently.” The Government, in the form of a white paper that is “on the table” in the year 2020, is proposing to replace this “up front” tuition fee with a tuition fee that would be deferred for all students and repaid after graduation at a rate of interest equivalent to the increase on the general cost of living (. a zero real rate of interest). This would make England and Wales much closer to the costsharing arrangement in Scotland, which was allowed in 2020 to replace its “up fron。