工程造价外文翻译--建筑环境评估框架分析和可持续发展指标的影响英文-外文文献(编辑修改稿)

工程造价外文翻译--建筑环境评估框架分析和可持续发展指标的影响英文-外文文献(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

is to provide aprehensive assessment of the environmental characteristics of a building (Cole 1999) using a mon andverifiable set of criteria and targets for building owners anddesigners to achieve higher environmental standards. TheBEA provides a way of structuring environmental information, an objective assessment of building performance,and a way to measure progress towards sustainability (Ding2020). The BEA has a broadly scored index classified into6–15 areas such as resource consumption (., energy,land, water and materials), environmental loading, indoorfort, and longevity. In addition to the environmentalaspects of BEA, social and cultural aspects are alsoincluded, while energy and resources are the main issues(Crawley and Aho 1999). The registered indexes differbetween each BEA and are evaluated by a method that alsodepends on each BEA. Some methods have 30 indexeswhile some have more than 100. Some tools are structuredaround design strategies and others are structured aroundenvironmental loadings or impacts.Each index is evaluated based on each BEA tool. Simpleassessment tools, which are used for preassessment arebasically open to the public, and a simplified checklist formatis used to make it easy for the user to understand the assessment. Clients are involved in preassessment. The checklistalso facilitates use in the design process。 while it is especiallydifficult for such an approach to pare alternative optionswith an quantitative scale there is a tradeoff among options.Expertassessing systems are also available, but trainedassessors are not satisfied with these systems. Preassessmenttools are useful in clarifying the objectives of building ownersat the early design stage and in setting desired ratings.Assessed indexes are awarded in each area, ., energysaving or security, according to their performance. MostBEA methods provide quantitative data performance indicators to support decisionmaking and determine the performance level of buildings’ ratings. Labeling typicallytakes the form of a singular, easily recognizable designation, ., ‘Gold’ or ‘Excellent’.Different types of buildings need to be assessed, forexample, office buildings, residential buildings (singlefamily or multiunit), factories, schools, hospital buildings,mercial buildings and other types of buildings. Different types of buildings have different tendencies inenergy use and are therefore assessed with differentbenchmarks. BEA methods can evaluate these differenttypes of buildings. New buildings and existing buildingsare assessed differently. However, the usefulness of theenvironmental building assessment method in this respectis doubtful because the remedial work needed to make apleted building ply may be too extensive, costlyand time consuming (Crawley and Aho 1999). For example, replacing an existing ventilation system by installingmore windows to allow for natural ventilation and daylightmay be impracticable, difficult, or expensive to facilitate.Environmental assessment methods have been appliedpredominantly to new construction, but while refurbishment and maintenance of existing buildings are also animportant part of a sustainable future (Ding 2020), effort inthis area is not yet sufficient.In this paper, the following four major BEA tools areexplained in detail:Sustain Sci (2020) 6:233–246 235123• BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), UK• LEEDC210(Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign), USA• GBTool, Canada• CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System forBuilding Environmental Efficiency), JapanThe characteristics of the four major BEA tools aresummarized in Table 1.BREEAM and development of BEABREEAM is known as the first mercially available andmost widely used method, which established a prehensive means to simultaneously assess a broad range ofenvironmental concerns about buildings. BREEM has beendeveloped by the BRE (Building Research Establishment),UK, and has been used since 1990 (Cole 2020。 Crawleyand Aho 1999。 Ding 2020。 Larsson 1999). The first versionof BREEAM was revised in 1993, and the second versionwas launched in 1998.The stated objectives of BREEAM are as follows(Holmes and Hudson 2020):1. to distinguish buildings of reduced environmentalimpact in the market place,2. to encourage best environmental practices in buildingdesign, operation, management and maintenance,3. to set criteria and standards going beyond thoserequired by law and regulations, and4. to raise the awareness of owners, occupiers, designersand operators of the benefits of buildings with areduced environmental impact.Table 1 Characteristics of BEA (building environmental assessment) toolsBEA tool BREEAM LEEDC210GBTool CASBEEDeveloper Building researchestablishment (BRE),UKUS Green Building Council, USA International frameworkmitteeJapan SustainableDevelopment Group, JapanPrivate National, nonprofit organizationwith a broadbased industrymembershipInternational mittee with morethan 25 countriesCooperation with industry,academia, and governmentYear 1990 1998 1998 2020Country UK USA Canada JapanRatings Single: Pass/Good/Verygood/Excellent/Outstanding (from2020)Single: gold, silver, premium – Single score structured byassessment items (Quality/Load)Categories Nine: Management,health and fort,energy, transport,water, materials, landuse, ecology, pollutionSix: Sustainable sites, waterefficiency, energy andatmosphere, materials andresources, indoor environmentalquality, innovation in designSeven: Site selection anddevelopment, energy andresource consumption,environmental loadings, Indoorenvironmental quality,functionality and controllability,longterm performance, socialand economic aspectsSix: Indo。