国贸理论与政策classictradetheory(编辑修改稿)

国贸理论与政策classictradetheory(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

th goods. 34 Example 3 A B S 3 12 T 6 36 In this case, B has CA in __. In Example 2, B has CA in __. 35 Example 4 A B S 3 12 T 6 24 • No parative advantage, No gain from trade, No trade. 36 Wages and the Relative Price Prices and Wages Price = unit production cost (why?) The same wage rate prevails in both industries. P W aS A A SAP W aT A A TAPPaaSTASATA: The RP = the ratio of ULR. PPaaSTBSBTB 37 Comparative advantage A has CA in S if (3/12 6/8 in our Example 2). This is equivalent to (3/6 12/8). Or S is relatively cheaper in A than in B. aaaaSASBTATBaaaaSATASBTBPPPPSTASTB 38 General Equilibrium in Autarky • Example 2 A B S 3 12 T 6 8 Assume the labor supply = 12,000 hours (a year). Draw the PPF for A. The slope? The RP of S? S 4000 2020 T 39 • Draw the PPF for B assuming that its labor supply = 9600. – Maximum S = 800 – Maximum T = 1200 – The slope = 3/2 40 Figure Production possibility frontiers: (a) country A。 (b) country B 41 Figure Pretrade equilibriums: (a) country A。 (b) country B 42 International trade equilibrium • RP = 1/2 in A • RP = 3/2 in B. • A has CA in S and B has CA in T. • As trade begins, the demand for S rises in A and falls in B as consumers switch from B’s S to A’s S. • In this process, RP (of S) rises in A and falls in B. • The International Terms of Trade is established somewhere between 1/2 and 3/2. 43 Suppose TOT = 3/4. • A will pletely specialize in S. – To understand this, pare the cost of T. – (i) In direct production, T takes 6 hours per unit. – (ii) In indirect production with trade, T takes 4 hours, since in trade 4/3 units of S can buy 1T ((4/3)* 3 = 4) • Likewise, B will pletely specialize in T. 44 Figure Posttrade equilibriums: (a) country A。 (b) country B 45 International equilibrium is obtained by the interaction of reciprocal demands. Reciprocal Demand相互需求 A’s reciprocal demand means A’s willingness to import B’s T with its own export of S. (Reciprocal demand is thus a bination of demand for one product and supply of another.) When we focus on one market, how do we know about the other market? Walras’ Law: In a world with n markets, if n1 markets clear, the nth market also clears. 46 . • Suppose A exports 800 S for 600 T. • Find the production and consumption points for A. Find the trade triangle for A. • Find the corresponding trade triangle for B. • The two trade triangles should be identical. • Q: What happens if A39。 s trade triangle is larger than B39。 s? The consumption possibilities frontier under free trade. (For CPF, find the production point in trade and draw a straight line with a slope given by TOT.) Country A Country B S S T T 1600 800 1200 4000 2020 3000 47 International Equilibrium • The NS curves are flat over the range of production. • The autarkic RP gives the flat portion of the NS curve in each country. • Can read the pattern of parative advantage. • The TOT has to be between the two RP39。 s. Shown by the line connecting two panels. • Move the line of TOT and find the equilibrium level so that A39。 s export of S = B39。 s import of S. Country A Country B S S RP RP 800 4000 3/2 1/2 3/4 48 The Gains from Trade • Compare the consumption point in autarky and the consumption point in trade. Which yields higher utility? S S T T 1600 800 1200 4000 2020 3000 Country A Country B 49 Figure The gains from trade (country A) 50 Sources of gains from trade a. Exchange gains from trade through buying from cheaper sources and selling at a higher price b. Production gains from specialization in the right product the one in which a country has parative advantage These are static gains from trade, from redistribution of resources with PPF remaining unchanged. 51 Dynamic Gains from Trade • Trade in capital goods increases a greater capital stock • International diffusion of technological advance技术扩散 • Encourages petition • Economies of scale • A larger pool of savings and more opportunities for profitable investment 52 Distribution of Gains from Trade • The closer is the TOT to the autarky RP, the less gain a country obtains from trade. • The advantage of being small: • When one country is much larger than the other, the TOT after trade will be close to the larger country39。 s own autarkic RP. • Little gain for the large country. Most gain accrues [ə39。 kru:]增加 to the small country. 53 Trade and Wages Q: Suppose that A’s wage rate = $10 per hour. What is the possible range of the wage rate in B? (1) price = wage * ULR. where x = B’s wage. (2) A has CA in S, its price of S should be lower than B’s price of S. Similarly, A’s price of T has to be higher than B’s price of T. 30 12x 60 8x From the two, we obtain, $ x $. 60$ ,30$  ATAS PPx8$,x12$  BTPBSP54 (3) The ratio of wages in the two countries is related to the ratio。