国贸理论与政策newtradetheory(编辑修改稿)

国贸理论与政策newtradetheory(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

nate [,indi39。 tə:minit] 不确定的 . 2020/9/15 22 • The Economics of Dumping – Price discrimination • The practice of charging different customers different prices. – Dumping • The most mon form of price discrimination in international trade. • A pricing practice in which a firm charges a lower price for an exported good than it does for the same good sold domestically. Dumping 2020/9/15 23 • It is a controversial[,kɔntrə39。 və:ʃəl]有争议的 issue[39。 iʃju:]问题 in trade policy and is widely regarded as an unfair practice in international trade. – Example: As of April 2020, the United States had antidumping duties on 265 items from 40 different countries. – Dumping can occur only if two conditions are met: • Imperfectly petitive industry • Segmented[39。 segməntid]分割的 markets – Given these conditions, a monopolistic [mə,nɔpə39。 listik] firm may find that it is profitable to engage in dumping. Dumping 2020/9/15 24 Dumping Exports Domestic sales Cost, C and Price, P Quantities produced and demanded, Q MC DFOR = MRFOR MRDOM DDOM 2 PFOR PDOM QDOM QMONOPOLY Total output 1 3 2020/9/15 25 • Reciprocal Dumping 相互的 – A situation in which dumping leads to twoway trade in the same product. – It increases the volume of trade in goods that are not quite identical完全相同的 . – Its welfare effect is ambiguous不明确的 : • It wastes resources in transportation. • It creates some petition. Dumping 2020/9/15 26 External economies and international trade • Economies of scale that occur at the level of the industry instead of the firm are called external economies. • There are three main reasons why a cluster群 ,组 of firms may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: – Specialized suppliers – Labor market pooling集聚 – Knowledge spillovers外 溢 2020/9/15 27 External Economies and Specialization Historical accident With large external economies, the pattern of trade can‟t be determined on the basis of lower actual or potential average cost. 2020/9/15 28 • Dynamic Increasing Returns – Learning curve • It relates unit cost to cumulative output. • It is downward sloping because of the effect of the experience gained though production on costs. – Dynamic increasing returns • A case when costs fall with cumulative production over time, rather than with the current rate of production. – Dynamic scale economies justify protectionism. • Temporary protectio。