华东师大实验心理学笔记(编辑修改稿)内容摘要:

在下一次假设提出时,回忆上一次假设,刺激。 结果,假设的回忆最差,说明假设检验说有漏洞 Reber(人工语法 ) Kellog: 50 道乘法(心算)→分散注意 30 张 脸谱 →测试 测脸谱 60 张: 30 张旧, 30 张新 结果不错 用内隐学习来解释 样例学习说 概念形成中,记住一具体的例子(自然概念) Rosch 提出 amp。 (这里是需要思维过程的问题) 一. 问题的岁那个组成,起始状态,目标状态,操作(往往还要尝试错误) 河内塔(汉诺塔) 二. 问题解决的模式 1. 针对人工问题的研究 ( 1) 状态动作模式,分支多花时多,分支少,花时少,恢复原来情况(不愿意),难。 ( 2) 问题分解 模式 2. Greeno 问题分类 ( 1) 归纳结构问题 eg:狼,狗=虎。 找出相同点,不同点,→“比较 ”过程。 ( 2) 转换问题 eg:汉诺题 通过操作,把起始状态变成目标状态 ( 1)( 2)都称作 “手段 ——目的分析 ” ( 3)排列问题 eg→ 2upzle→ puzzle 三.知识和经验对问题解决的影响专家与新手 棋子排列 ( hi(1981)的实验 专家 物理学教授;新手:刚开始学物理的人 要求 对题目分类 结果: 新手根据图 的相似程度分类 旋转问题 (既根据题目的表面特征分类)斜面问题 专家根据用到的定律,方法分类:能量守恒 牛顿第二定律 专家喜欢顺向思维 ——working forward 新午喜欢用逆向思维 ——working backward amp。 一. 想象 1. 什么是想象。 无向性思维~有向性思维 被动推理~主动推理 2. 测量研究 Singeramp。 Mccraven(1961) 240 个美国人, 96%,每人每天都有想象活动 想象的内容主要是一些表象,且与计划(尤其是人际关系的计划)有关。 Singeramp。 Antrobus(1972) 29 个分量表 ——作因素分需,再对被试分组 结果 负疚 ——烦躁型 焦虑 ——错乱型 沉思型 不同文化背景的人,想象有差异 黑人 意大利人 爱尔兰人 日耳曼人 多 少 Kripke Sonnenshein(1975) 想象频率与时间关系,每隔 90 分钟出现一次高潮想象的作用: 计划功能;提醒功能;保持警惕 3. 实验研究 ( 1) 任务要求(高,低) 信号检测任务 ——自变量 与任务无关的思维作为想象的证据 ——因变量 →结论:任务要求越高,无关思维越少。 图(略) ( 2) “坏消息 ”效应。 Antrobus,Singer,Gveenberg. 坏消息可以激发想象 ( 3)应激效应 正常组 应激组 用备电影增强应激性 再做信号检测任务→结果,应激组有 “侵入性思维 ”(不由自主要区想刚力片中的镜头,自己想摆脱它也不能) 侵入性思维的特点( I)不随意(意识)性 ( II)难以摆脱 ( III)应该摆脱 ( IV)同一念头,重复出现 二.创造 实验研究少,测验量表研究则较多 1. 创造性个体研究 Ann Roe(1952) 64 名优秀美国科学家(文理都有) ——智力测验,主题统觉测验,交谈。 第九章 情绪 情绪的生理指标 一. 皮肤电 皮肤温度 二. 血管容积,脉搏率 三. 呼吸 紧张焦虑情况下,口干舌燥 ——交感神经兴奋 四. 脑电 a——清醒,要静 B——动脑子 表情量表 情绪的理论 James 阿诺德 认知 图(略) 人悲伤的时 候效率也高,为什么。 因为背上水平不同于动机水平(激动水平) 第十章 动作机能 练习曲线 高原现象 言语机能 (p368) 思维,言语 言语活动是意识活动的一部分,所以并不能说语言决定思维,思维决定言语 ——皮亚杰 相互作用论: (i) 言语是思维的工具。 (抽象思维中) (ii) 言语的发展推动了思维的发展 (iii) 思维对言语也是有作用的 思维的发展 也推动言语的发展 eg:语法学习有助于学好语言 汉语特点( p374) 思维与言语( p378) 可见言语,语图仪( P381) (可以不看 ) aws equal? In fondness for people, governing a nation Is the ability to be absent of action equal? In opening and closing the gate of heavens Is the ability to be absent of femaleness equal? In seeing clearly all four reaches Is the ability to be absent from knowledge equal? Be giving birth, be nourishing. Giving birth yet without possessing Acting yet without sustaining Growing yet without directing Is appropriately called insightful ideal. 11 Thirty spokes converge at one hub The use of a chariot is in the presence of what is absent Shaping clay, it happens to act as a vessel The use of a vessel is in the presence of what is absent Cutting doors and windows to have it act as a room The use of a room is in the presence of what is absent. So Where there is presence beneficial actions happen Where there is absence useful actions happen. 12 Five colors blind the eye of man Five tones deafen the ear of man Five flavors chafe the mouth of man Racing and hunting inspire the mind of man to express craziness Goods difficult to obtain hamper the path of man. Appropriately it happens That sages act from the center without acting from the eyes. So detach from that, grab this. 13 Favor and disgrace look alarming. The treasure of great danger looks like the body. Why say favor and disgrace look alarming? Favor acts superior Disgrace acts inferior Being obtained it looks alarming Being lost it looks alarming Appropriately say favor and disgrace look alarming. Why say the treasure of great danger looks like the body? I place the occurrence of things of great danger As action of I in the presence of a body. I reach the absence of a body I am present with what danger? Appropriately say the treasure of great danger looks like the body. So treasuring it when the body acts in the world It looks like one can be mitted to the world. Being fond of it when the body acts in the world It looks like one can be entrusted to the world. 14 Being observed, lacking sight Say the name smooth Being listened to, lacking hearing Say the name rare Being pounced on, lacking obtainment Say the name small. That which these three describes cannot be resolved So they mingle yet act as one. What is high lacks brightness What is low lacks darkness Restrictions and restraints cannot be named Return, merge with, relate to the absence of things. It is an appropriate action to call it The absence of being shape39。 s shape The absence of being thing39。 s form. It is appropriately called ungraspable, elusive Moving toward it there is no seeing a head Following it there is no seeing a tail. Holding the tao of the ancients Warding off presence of the now happens The ability to know the ancient beginnings Is appropriately called a bond to tao. 15 Those ancients who valued action in the tao Were insightful, versatile, farreaching, coherent. Perating, one cannot understand In the end it is only that one cannot understand So there is more than appears to their actions. So resigned, like fording a river in wint。
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