外文翻译--生态旅游内涵的若干思考(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译--生态旅游内涵的若干思考(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ly highlights the substantial characteristics of ecotourists and bears greater accuracy. However, it lacks true value in practice. First, from a view of the demand of the tourists themselves, they travel to destinations for fun, relaxation and leisure, rather than obligate learning. Ecotourism can only achieve the goal of improving the experience quality for visitors, but has no way to require tourists to bear so much duty and obligation. Second, the dramatic imbalance in information between tourists and operators/agents also defies the purpose to impose any obligation on tourists. (1) The fact that tourism products are supplied and consumed at the same time just determines that tourists have no chance to collect and study the information on local ecotourism prior to visiting and experiencing. (2) Tourists are neither able to evaluate the impact of their behavior on the area nor obtain the information on other tourists of their kind. (3) Tourism enterprises are incapable of appropriately evaluating the responsible awareness and behavior of tourists. Third, from a statistical point, it is impossible to divide conventional tourists and ecotourists or to define and measure the responsibilities of the tourists. As a result, supply side must be taken into consideration since no practicality can be seen by only emphasizing the duty of tourists from demand side. In ecotourism, suppliers bear the primary responsibilities。 in contrast, tourists only bear secondary ones. Suppliers of ecotourism products have every means to rationalize the mechanism to guide the behavior of the tourists, in an attempt to achieve the goals of ecotourism to reinforce environmental protection and boost local economy. Doubts over nature of ecotourism A tendency has existed to define ecotourism as a new special type of tourism products or tourist activities, designed for the interests and demand of a small group of people, drawing a line of distinction between ecotourism and mass tourism, which has aroused a great deal of controversy. In the first place, there is every indication that, according to domestic experiences, the term of ecotourism has been abused as a fashionable label to attract the attention from the source market. It should be argued that ecotourism should represent a kind of principles or approaches for tourism development, rather than a specific product. From the outset, ecotourism has been intended for the conservation and sustainable development of resource and environment. Such a principle should work as the guidelines for every type of tourism. In the second place, if ecotourism is indeed a special kind of tourism products or a special form of tourist activities, designed for a small group of people, it could definitely not have drawn so much concern and attention from tourism industry and academy. Hence, ecotourism is not the opposite of mass tourism。 instead, it should function to reform and upgrade the latter. Only when ecotourism is widely popularized and accepted to replace the conventional pattern of tourism, can it fulfill its promise to reinforce the sustainable development of tourism. Doubts over the relationship between ecotourism and munities Despite the argument by scholars linking ecotourism and munity participation, no clear description of the relationship between them has emerged owing to lack of theoretic basis. In this article, the theory of environmental economics, rather than ethic, is applied to illustrate their relationship. From an economic point of view, tourism resources are utilized optimally, where marginal social cost (MSC) equals to marginal social benefit, or, the state of Pareto optimality is actualized. While speaking for tourism products, their MSC prises not only the cost for developing, producing, delivering and maintaining, but also the potential cost caused by the ensuing environmental pollution and resource overuse。 hence, the marginal social cost is often larger than marginal private cost (Li, 2020). Tourism operators only bear the first part of the total costs, the second part imposed on the surrounding munities, contributing to the problem of externality. In real life, such externality is reflected through environmental pollution, traffic congestion, disruption of economic order and loss of local traditional culture, disturbing the normal life of local residents to different extents. Tourism operators should, yet fail to bear these costs, and tend to overuse tourism resources out of the motivation to seek maximal profit. It can be concluded from above economic analysis: externality→overuse of tourism resources→unsustainability of tourism, s o in order for tourism industry to develop in a sustainable manner, externality must be eliminated to even marginal social cost and marginal private cost, which。