蛋白质化学-研究生课程(英文版)(doc114)-石油化工(编辑修改稿)

蛋白质化学-研究生课程(英文版)(doc114)-石油化工(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

for signalling and molecular and cellular recognition. These modifications may impart structural stability or unique structural features, facilitate protein folding, or promote intermolecular interactions. They may anchor a protein in a membrane or determine intracellular or extracellular position. Modification can alter the biological lifetime of a protein, and define the process by which it is degraded. Whereas some modifications are present on an entire population of a polypeptide, others are present on only a small subset of the protein at any one moment. Quantification of the extent and range of modification present in this population is not routinely analyzed, but could have important biological implications. Thus, knowledge of the possible modifications of a particular protein, as well as modifications induced by external stimuli, are of fundamental importance to research in structural biology and cell biology alike. Protein biology also includes the design of new proteins to test biological and physiological hypothesis. One can now design and prepare novel protein with new functions that cannot be isolated from nature. How can one manipulate proteins to understand their original function or to make them perform new ones? On what principles can these designs be based? Both molecular biological and chemical synthetic procedures have made it possible to alter polypeptides structure to probe details of function. Strategies can be developed to alter a single amino acid, to substitute a nonnatural residue, or to mix and match functional units to create new biological entities. Last, but not the least, the bioinformatics has accelerated the development of protein study. General Concept of Protein (see also page 1 in Text) Protein Functions Protein Structures The Building Blocks of Proteins Polypeptide Chain Conformation of Polypeptide Chain Protein Structure Biology Interactions of Protein with Other Molecules Protein Engineering Proteome and Proteomics Proteome indicates the PROTEins expressed by a genOME or tissue. Despite being first used in late 1994 at the Siena 2D electrophoresis meeting, the term proteome is already widely accepted. Zit is mentioned in more than 30 papers (till the end of 1997), including those from Science and Nature, and ―Proteomics: has been the subject of a rash of conference in 1997. The antecedent for proteome is genome, itself a relative new word. Recently, genome has bee a generic term for ―big science‖ molecular biology. People think of grand dreams like the human genome project in the context of genome. And the genome projects have captured the imagination of scientific funding bodies and the biotechnology industry. By sequencing the entire genome of an anism, here for the first time in biology is the plexity of an anism understood at the level of information content. The proteome, unlike the genome, is not a fixed feature of an anism. Instead, it changes with the state of development, the tissue or even the environmental conditions under which an anism finds itself. There are therefore many more proteins in a proteome than gens in a genome, especially for eukaryotes. This is because there can be various ways a gene is spliced in constructing mRNA, and there are many ways that the same protein can be posttranslationally altered. So one of the famous dogmas of biology, the onegeneoneenzyme hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum, is no longer tenable. International Journals and Websites Related to Protein Chemistry Table International Journals Related to Protein Chemistry (295 Journals in Bichemistry and Molecular Biology in 1998) Rank Journal Abbreviation Impact Factor 1998 articles 1 Annu Rev Biochem 26 2 Cell 407 8 Nat Struc Biol 158 15 Curr Opin Struc Biol 93 23 J Biol Chem 4879 31 Adv Protein Chem 7 45 Biochemistry 2020 46 Protein Sci 277 52 Enzyme Protein 66 Proteins 177 73 Protein Eng 160 77 Method Enzymol 218 95 Arch Biochem Biophys 481 97 Biochim Biophys Acta 1813 123 Anal Biochem 460 132 Adv Enzyme Regul 22 167 Protein Expres Purif 166 175 J Protein Chem 140 Table Websites Related to Protein Chemistry GenBank (美国基因、蛋白数据库 ) GeneCard（ EMBL (欧洲分子生物学实验室数据库 ) HUGD(人类基因突变数据库） DDBJ(日本国家遗传研究所基因数据库） SwissPort（瑞士蛋白数据库） 蛋白三维结构数据库 (美国 Brookheaven 实验室 ) PIR(美国国家生物医学技术研究基金会蛋白数据库 ) Human SNP Database(Whitehead institute/MIT center for genome research) OPD (Oligonucleotide probe database) PROSITE (EMBL，蛋白序列中的特征序列及位点 ) HSSP(EMBL, 三维结构已知的蛋白的同源蛋白 ) DSSP(EMBL,蛋白二级结构及溶剂信息 ) FSSP(EMBL，蛋白折叠方式相似性的结构家族 ) SBASE(ABC,ICGEB，蛋白结构域 、功能域资料 ) TFD(NCBI，各种转录因子及其特性 ) TRANSTERM(新西兰 Otago 大学 , 翻译终止信号数据库 ) Rebase(New england biolabs 公司，限制酶及甲基化酶数据库 ) Genome Data Base (GDB) The PredictProtein server(EMBL in Heidelberg) BLAST ( dbEST( Entrez ( MMBD( 基因芯片数据库 ? MPDB(合成寡核苷酸探针数据库 )? Chapter 2 Physicchemical Properties of Proteins Chapter 3 Methods for Characterization and Purification of Proteins To analyze the structure of a protein, we must isolate it from the plex mixture of substances in which it exists in whole cell. The primary object of this chapter is to describe techniques and strategies used for protein purification. Because these procedures are often used for protein characterization as well, they will add to the methods already discussed for protein characterization. Methods of Protein Characterization First we will discuss methods used for protein characterization. Some of them will be discussed in later related chapters. Solubility Reflects a Balance of Prote。