外文翻译--开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译--开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

checklists used vary from pany to pany. Many safety audit panies have to undercut fees to win safety auditing contracts. The low fees may have led some panies to cut corners and spend less time on site, thereby reducing the quality of their safety audits to the minimum. To know whether a site has an effective SMS, the government requires the SMS to be audited every six monthly. The problem is that hitherto there is no standardised audit tool that can objectively and consistently assess the effectiveness of a firm’s SMS. There is also a large discrepancy between the auditing standards of different safety consultants. In response to the need to improve the effectiveness of SMS and SMS audit, the objective of this paper is to propose a method to develop and test the tools that auditors may use to assess the effectiveness of a construction firm’s SMS. This objective is important because the industry can adopt a standard auditing methodology and develop a benchmark for safety audit purposes. The objective of this research is to devise an audit protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of a construction site’s SMS. This is achieved by developing and testing an assessment tool that calculates the Construction Safety Index (CSI) of a site. This is a quantitative score that indicates the effectiveness level of a construction site’s SMS. A safety audit is a structured process of collecting independent information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the total SMS and draw up plans for correction action. It is important in determining the effectiveness of SMS [5]. Kunju and Gibb [6] found that the advantage of having an active monitoring system before accidents occur is that the audit measures the success of the system implemented, and thus reinforces positive achievement. A proper measure of the safety performance is also found to be crucial for effective safety management [7]. Cox and Cox [8] found that safety auditing is one of the major elements of an SMS. It provides managers with further information and on pliance with standards. This promotes safe work practices that stemmed from reliable and continuing feedback through the safety level observed. Thus, a safety audit conducted in a timely manner will help to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the current safety program, and any problem areas that might adversely affect the success of the program will be identified. This allows firms to derive the maximum benefit from the program consistent with the resources deployed [9]. 2. SMS for the construction industry In Singapore, the MOM is the government regulatory body responsible for enforcement of legislations relating to safety. The main safety legislations that construction sites have to ply with are the Factories Act (Chapter 104) and the Factories (Building Operations and Work of Engineering Construction) (BOWEC) Regulations,1994. The BOWEC Regulations require all construction worksites that have contract values of S$10 million (US$1 _ S$) or more to implement an SMS based on the Code of Practice on Construction Safety Management System (CP) 79. Worksites with contract values of less than S$10 million do not need to implement an SMS,but these sites are encouraged to do so. The CP79 consists of 14 main safety management elements as follows: • safety policy, • safe work practices, • safety training, • group meetings, • incident investigation and analysis, • inhouse safety rules and regulations, • safety promotion, • evaluation, selection and control of subcontractors, • safety inspections, • maintenance regime for all machinery and equipment, • hazard analysis, • movement control and use of hazardous substances and chemicals, • emergency preparedness, • occupational health programmes. Each element provides specific guidelines on how construction firms should organise and manage their sites to ensure safety of their personnel and the public. However, CP 79 is not meant to be a stringent set of rules and regulations because each construction project is different. The project manager has to carefully interpret the clauses in the code of practice and adapt the guidelines to the context of his project. Besides Singapore, SMS is also a requirement in many other countries. From the review of the SMSs used in Hong Kong [3,10], Australia [11], UK [4] and USA [5,12] it was found that Singapore’s CP 79 is very prehensive and covers all levels of the construction project and organisation. However, the focus on the higher level issues like management mitment is inadequate as pared to Australia and the UK. The SMS approaches employed by the UK are not as extensive in terms of specific details, but they highlight the need for management participation where their opinions and reviews are given very high importance. Many studies have shown that management mitment and involvement is the core element of any SMS [13–16]. Without management support, it is difficult to enforce safe practices and inculcate a safety culture into the organisation. 3. Research methodology The research methodology is shown in Fig. 1. The first step was to review the various SMS standards and guidelines of selected developed countries that are known to have relatively high safety standards. These countries include Hong Kong, Australia, UK and USA. In step 2, relevant attributes were selected and collated based on the literature review and study of various countries’ SMS. A questionnaire was then designed to survey practitioners’ perception of the importance of the collated attributes. The developed questionnaires were sent to 420 randomly selected general building contractors who were registered with the Building Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore(step 3). In step 4, a review was done on selected award winning panies of the Annual Safet。