外文翻译--国内医学仪器工程的现状和存在的问题(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译--国内医学仪器工程的现状和存在的问题(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

umatology. Among the defense industry facilities which have reoriented their production to medical market the ScientificResearch Institute for Electromechanics (Istra) is worth mention. In collaboration with Phillips (Germany) and borrowing their technology and circuitry, the Institute for Electromechanics developed the Mammodiagnost mammographic scanner, which meets international standards of operating performance. The Rentgen48 Xray tomographic diagnostic systems with a rotary support table and the Rentgen60 Xray diagnostic systems with a remote control support table have been developed at the Sevkavrentgen Plant and received positive recognition by practicing physicians. The models of Xray diagnostic devices listed above are examples of achievements of domestic medical industry. However, many important and significant problems of the development of domestic medical Xray equipment remain unsettled, and it is unreasonable to expect that they will be solved in the foreseeable future unless special measures are taken. For example, the most mon RUM20 Xray apparatuses with the Sapfir image intensifier are equipped with the obsolete Xray image converter REP1. To replace the REP1 image converter, the Moscow Plant for Electronic Tubes has developed the Buer image converter of improved design. This device offers better image contrast, reduced clark background noise, and has an output fiberoptic window of improved design. However, the Buer image converter is not yet mercially available. Digital Xray diagnostic devices are not yet mercially available from domestic manufacturers either. The Design Bureau for Medical Engineering in collaboration with Medtekh, Ltd. (Novosibirsk) have developed the Diaskan Xray digital scanner. Serial production of this device is in progress at the Design Bureau for Medical Engineering. However, devices of sufficient quality are not yet mercially available. Domestic medical industry does not produce Xray tomographs. Their production in Chelyabinsk has been suspended. Electrocardiographic monitors are very important devices for functional diagnosis. However, domestic medical industry fails substantially behind leading foreign manufacturers and there is a disproportion in the development and production of necessary devices and apparatuses. Many automatic systems for ECG processing, including syndromal diagnosis, have been developed, but they trove not been tested and are of little demand. However, simple threechannel electrocardiographs of mass scale application are not produced by domestic manufacturers. Foreign manufacturers offer various ultrasonic scanners and sophisticated imaging systems. Domestic manufacturers produce only simple devices with manual sectorbysector scanning and a few simplified models with linear electronic scanning. Some positive results have been achieved in the development of endoscopic devices. These achievements are mainly due to the collaboration between LOMO and some panies from Japan. However, even these devices require further improvement of quality and reliability. Although the level of production of domestic laboratory equipment has noticeably risen in recent years, it is still too little to meet the demand. The number of organizations involved in the development of such equipment has risen. However, the available devices are simple and have limited functional capacity. Many important devices (., automatic analyzers and simple routine devices) are not produced at all. Devices for blood transfusion and preparing blood substitute solutions are still in short supply (40 million items have been produced, while the demand is 200 million). The demand in dialyzers and polymer infusion systems reaches 100 and 150 million items, respectively, although such systems are not produced at all. The correspondence between production and demand, quality and technical performance, and adequate testing of medical production are put in the forefront under conditions of a market economy. The problem of petition with foreign manufacturers is also quite important because of increasing import of medical equipment and reduced sale of the production of domestic manufacturers. In this connection, the following circumstances should be taken into consideration. There is a considerable disproportion between production and demand of some groups of medical devices. For example, there is :~ huge surplus of laser therapeutic devices and their excessive development. Systems for syndromal electrocardiographic diagnosis, magotherapy, and electrostimulation are also in excessive supply. However, simple electrocardiographs, routine laboratory equipment, and some other ordinary but necessary devices of massscale application are not produced by domestic manufacturers. These disadvantages cause significant economic losses and present difficulties in the development of health service. Domestic and foreign experience show that these problems can be solved by adequate marketing, but this is in its infancy in the domestic medical industry. It should be noted that foreign panies place special emphasis on marketing and market research. They evaluate actual and pending demand as well as consumer requirements. The feedback between consumer and manufacturer gives valuable information on the improvement of the product quality and working performance. The marketing service in most leading panies is of paramount importance. The development of a new product often starts from marketing survey rather than from engineering or design research. Many dome。