外文翻译--农村公共基础设施服务的私人供给：补贴的竞争(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译--农村公共基础设施服务的私人供给：补贴的竞争(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

vice level depends on population size and concentration, water service level and consumption rates, and soil permeability. For most rural areas in developing countries, the appropriate solution will be an onsite sanitation system (latrine or septic tank). Piped sewer and wastewater treatment systems are sometimes installed in larger munities, but costs are high. After years of struggling to achieve sustainable rural water systems scattered in munities across the rural landscape, most countries have now shifted from centralized supplydriven service provision models to decentralized demandresponsive ones. Rural water systems are often financed and constructed through programs managed by specialized national or regional agencies, and then handed over to be operated and maintained by munitybased organizations, such as water mittees Communitybased organizations have done well managing the daytoday operations of simple water and sanitation systems, although they often operate on very tenuous financial grounds and are unable to accumulate savings or develop the technical capacity to undertake major repairs or system expansions. Countries are now looking for new models of sustainable rural water systems, increasingly turning to the private sector to help run existing services 3 through management contracts, leases, and concessions. There are recent cases of applying petition among firms for subsidized concessions to provide new connections and upgrade existing systems. In Paraguay the target is to provide piped water service to about million people in rural areas, reaching 85 percent population coverage by 2020. During a pilot project, the national agency responsible for service provision (SENASA) invited petitive bids for a 10year exclusive concession to design, build, and operate water supply systems in four small towns with a bined population of about 12,000. The concessionaire receives a onetime subsidy of $150 per pleted connection. Prior to bidding the tariff was fixed at $ per month for unmetered connections and at $ per month for the first 12 m3plus $ per additional m3 for metered connections, subject to periodic adjustments following a formula. Design and service standards (water quality, conti nuity, pressure)were also set upfront. The concession was awarded to a consortium of construction contractors and a local water system operator that bid to charge the lowest conne。