市场结构与定价理论ppt107-销售管理(编辑修改稿)内容摘要:

同质商品的市场组织 • 垄断竞争市场的特征 ( 1)企业数量多但规模相对比较小 ( 2)产品相似又彼此差别 与完全竞争市场的差别所在,因而需求曲线向下倾斜 ( 3)企业进出不受限制 与完全垄断市场的差别所在,资源可以在行业间转移 ( 4)众多小的购买者 • 垄断竞争市场举例 牙膏、洗发水、成都小吃店、鞋店、加油站 产品差异来自于位置、材料、做工和品牌等方面的不同 Key Implications • Since products are differentiated, each firm faces a downward sloping demand curve。 firms have limited market power. 与完全垄断类似 • Free entry and exit, so firms will earn zero profits in the long run. 与完全竞争类似 Managing a Monopolistically Competitive Firm • Market power permits you to price above marginal cost, just like a monopolist. • How much you sell depends on the price you set, just like a monopolist. But … • The presence of other brands in the market makes the demand for your brand more elastic than if you were a monopolist. • You have limited market power. 垄断竞争下的短期均衡 D q 0 pE mrE SMC SAC E dE P,C,R qE 短期均衡满足: AR=AVC。 MR=MC。 否则厂商停产 MR Long Run Adjustments? • In the absence of free entry, no adjustments occur. • If the industry is truly monopolistically petitive, there is free entry. – In this case other “greedy capitalists” enter, and their new brands steal market share. – This reduces the demand for your product until profits are ultimately zero. 垄断竞争下的长期均衡 D q 0 pE LMC LAC E P,C,R qE MR 只要存在短期超额利润,就有投资者进入;随着新企业的进入, 替代品数量将增加,代表性企业面临的需求曲线将向左下方移动。 随着需求曲线的移动,超额利润将降低,直至消失,此时,企业 停止进出产业的行动,达到长期稳定状态。 D0 D1 $ AC MC D MR Q* P* Quantity of Brand X MR1 D1 Entry P1 Q1 Long Run Equilibrium (P = AC, so zero profits) Graphically 垄断竞争下的长期均衡 (续) D q 0 pE LMC LAC E P,C,R qE MR ( 1)由于厂商可以自由进入,垄断竞争长期均衡满足: LAC=AR=P, MC=MR ( 2)垄断竞争的效率低于完全竞争(均衡价格高、均衡产量低),因为均衡时 p≠MC, 同时生产没有推进到平均成本最低点 ( 3)垄断竞争的效率高于完全垄断 ( 4)垄断竞争带来了产品差异化,更好地满足了消费者;同时有利于技术进步 Monopolistic Competition The Good (To Consumers) – Product Variety The Bad (To Society) – P MC – Excess capacity • Unexploited economies of scale The Ugly (To Managers) – Zero Profits 垄断竞争的决策举例 “DogsGoneAway(狗去矣)”公司是芝加哥专门为宠物提供葬礼服务的公司。 在芝加哥,宠物葬礼服务行业属于垄断竞争行业。 该公司经理估计该企业面临的需求方程为 p = , 而该公司的长期总成本函数为 : TC = 400Q 20Q2 +Q3 问: 该公司的长期均衡价格和产量各是多少。 它将获得多少利润。 此时,垄断竞争的长期均衡条件是否得到满足。 垄断竞争企业前景如何 • 如何延迟零经济利润的最终结局。 parison Maximizing Profits: A Synthesizing Example • C(Q) = 125 + 4Q2 • Determine the profitmaximizing output and price, and discuss its implications, if – You are a price taker and other firms charge $40 per unit。 – You are a monopolist and the inverse demand for your product is P = 100 Q。 – You are a monopolistically petitive firm and the inverse demand for your brand is P = 100 Q Marginal Cost • C(Q) = 125 + 4Q2, • So MC = 8Q • This is independent of market structure Price Taker • MR = P = $40 • Set MR = MC • 40 = 8Q • Q = 5 units • Cost of producing 5 units • C(Q) = 125 + 4Q2 = 125 + 100 = 225 • Revenues: • PQ = (40)(5) = 200 • Maximum profits of $25 • Implications: Expect exit in the longrun Monopoly/Monopolistic Competition • MR = 100 2Q (since P = 100 Q) • Set MR = MC, or 100 2Q = 8Q – Optimal output: Q = 10 – Optimal price: P = 100 (10) = 90 – Maximal profits: • PQ C(Q) = (90)(10) (125 + 4(100)) = 375 • Implications – Monopolist will not face entry (unless patent or other entry barriers are eliminated) – Monopolistically petitive firm should expect other firms to clone, so profits will decline over time 寡头垄断 Oligopoly • 在完全竞争、完全垄断、垄断竞争三种市场环境中,企业决策始终遵循着 SCP逻辑:即市场结构决定企业行为和企业绩效 Market Structure – Number of firms, size, etc. Conduct – Pricing, advertising, Ramp。 D, etc. Performance – Profitability, consumer surplus, social welfare. • 而在有些市场环境下,企业决策机制似乎难以固定描述。 这些市场上,只有几家企业,却生产大部分或者全部市场产量,一家企业的产量或价格策略不仅给自己,而且给市场其它企业的销量带来显著影响。 这种环境下,企业经理人的决策具有以下特点: 经理们知道自己的决策会影响到对手的销售情况和利润水平 经理们做出决策后,对手会对这些决策作出反应 经理们的销售和利润状况依赖于对手的反应 但是,经理们并不确知对手实际上将如何反应 在这种环境下,经理人的成功在于学会如何预期市场中其它竞争对手的行动和反应,从而作出利润最大化的决策 寡头的管理决策 • 定义 某一产业只存在少数几个卖者(通常少于 10个)的市场组织形式。 • 分类 纯寡头: 生产同质产品(如钢铁、水泥) 差别寡头:生产异质产品(如汽车、电脑) • 特征 所有寡头都具备市场力 寡头之间行为不独立 ,一家将对另一家的行为产生反应(既可能竞争,也可能合作) 每个寡头对市场都有举足轻重的影响 • 寡头市场举例 麦当劳和 KFC 同一城市中的银行业、电视台、报纸 附近的电影院 北大西门的烤肉摊 An Example • You and another firm sell differentiated products • How does the quantity demanded for your product change when you change your price? P Q D1 P0 Q0 D2 (Rival matches your price change) (Rival holds its price constant) D Demand if Rivals Match Price Reductions but not Price Increases Key Insight • The effect of a price reduction on the quantity demanded of your product depends upon whether your rivals respond by cutting their prices too! •。
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