外文翻译---拉美的教育、民主和发展-教育教学(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---拉美的教育、民主和发展-教育教学(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

pressure for the universalisation and substantial improvement of basic education. The unprecedented concern for basic education, recently evidenced in Brazil, seems to derive from this kind of stimulation. Thus。 despite their economic problems, both central government and government at state level have concentrated their efforts on social projects for lower ine children, based on the positive discrimination approach. Prospects for the future What are Latin America39。 s horizons for the future? The reply to this question relates to both internal and external prospects. From the internal standpoints of the different countries, much will continue to depend upon the intentions of those who wield power. There is, of course, no clear answer about how these will behave. The application of neoliberal and orthodox prescriptions for economic adjustment have shown themselves to have high social costs. The state has generally been too large, too restrictive and too inefficient to be successful in their application. Reforms are essential, but pensatory policies to minimise their adverse effects on the lower ine population have often been neglected. The distribution of the benefits of economic recovery has not generally favoured those who have sustained the heavier burden in adjustment. On the contrary, gains have usually been captured by the most privileged groups. Consequently, nationalism, popular unrest, military unrest, and an increase of delinquency in almost all age groups, amount in some countries to a sort of undeclared civil war. In at least one case, this has bee overt. Young democracies are faced with severe tests, some of which appear insoluble. Such internal perspectives offer little justification for optimism. What, then, are the prospects on the international scale? The most pessimistic views of the after Coldwar world regard Latin America as a disregarded region. Even the cheap availability of manpower does not help in this era of declining national economies. We should not be surprised at this. Even in North American ghettos there are plenty of underqualified labourers who cannot find a job in an advanced third wave economy, whereas what have been called symbolic analysts are in high demand and earn good salaries (Toffler 1980。 Reich 1991). So, it is not surprising that Latin American countries seem to have little technological and economic modernization, no obvious solutions for poverty, no hope, no future. Since development would not be generalisable, rich countries would in any case protect themselves against a new dark age (Rufin 1991). On the other hand, a more optimistic alternative scenario suggests that the military spending decrease resulting from the end of the cold war could be positive for everybody. Competition among industrialised nations will be good for Latin America, a region with a favourable ratio of population to national resources, having plenty of water, agricultural land and minerals. On this hypothesis, the drainage of capital which took place in the lost decade was only feasible in an international system divided into the areas of influence which obtained during the cold war. Now that this is over, it should be possible for foreign investment, together with domestic investment, to contribute to economic expansion based especially on the national and regional markets (Furtado 1991). MERCOSUR, the free trade association of Southern Latin American countries, may be a starting milestone. Whatever may be the next chapter in the continent39。 s history, export strategies and those based on inwardoriented economic growth are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The best models of the newly industrialised Asian countries perhaps show us a way forward. In the past, national development plans in Lati。