外文翻译---建筑安全管理的识别元素-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---建筑安全管理的识别元素-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

sponsibility in overseeing the construction industry in China. It takes the leading role in implementing the new strategies and policies including preparing development programs, regulating construction markets and construction institutions, and monitoring construction safety. The role of the central Ministry is mirrored by the provincial construction departments and those of the independent municipalities. They are charged with the responsibility for construction safety (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Governance hierarchy for construction safety management Under powers in the relevant legislation on construction safety, such as Construction Law, Inspection Standards for Construction Safety and Inspection Standards for Labour Protection in Construction Enterprises, the Ministry of Construction annually hires about 50 safety auditors to conduct nationwide safety audits. The scope of the audits includes the safety management system of the construction firms, labour protection measures, safety pitfalls on construction sites and so on in different provinces or major cities. . Safety management system of construction firms Protection of labour from occupational diseases and accidents in the construction industry of China is defined by law。 for example, for construction sites having 50 employees or more, main contractors have to nominate a fulltime safety inspector。 for sites with an area exceeding 10,000 m2 there must be 2–3 safety inspectors。 wherever the site exceeds 50,000 m2, the main contractor has to establish a safety management team. . Construction project supervisors’ inspection on safety Since 1989 China has begun adopting the Construction Supervision Scheme_. One of the projectsupervisor engineer_s responsibilities is to monitor construction safety. Since the issuance of the Regulation on Construction Project Supervision in 1996, the construction supervision scheme has been extensively practiced in China. According to the system, the role of the supervisors is to enhance construction supervision by introducing checks and control at various construction stages on behalf of the clients. Under clause 32 of the current Construction Law issued in 1997, the supervisors_ duties are to ensure construction works in pliance with the construction regulations, to supervise execution of the work, to monitor construction safety, to prepare supervision plans and to notify the government in the case of any violation of the relevant statutory legislations. . Types of ownership of construction firms In China, all large construction firms were stateowned establishments under the traditional planned economy system. Since the adoption of the reform and opening policies in 1978, the traditional planned economy system has been gradually replaced by the market economy in China. A great number of peasants were liberated from traditional cultivation and farming works and organized themselves into ruralvillage enterprises and rural construction teams (RCT). This was closely associated with the rapid economic expansion, which results in high volumes of construction activities and renders China the largest construction market in the world. As at 1999, the proportion of RCT has reached 51%, with that of stateowned enterprises (SOE) at 10%, urban collectiveowned (UCO) at 26%, and others (including publiclisted sharingholding, foreignfunded enterprises) at 13% (see Fig. 2), which represents a great change in the form of ownership of construction enterprises in China. Previous research has revealed that there is a relationship between sizes of firms and accident rates (Hinze and Raboud, 1988). A study by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase. The underlying factors include the degree of planning and organization in large firms versus that of small firms, the presence of inhouse health and safety expertise or resources, the degree of unionization, access to and use of external support services relating to health and safety, levels of government inspection and the effects of economies of scale. Comparing SOEs with RCTs in China, the average numbers of employees are 735 and 150 respectively (China Statistical Yearbook, 2020). However the fatality rate for the former is three times that of the latter (China Construction Statistical Yearbook, 2020). This trend contradicts to the findings of McVittie et al. (1997), representing the exceptional behavior of construction safety in China. The fatality rate for SOEs was per 100,000 workers and for RCTs. This is closely associated with the operational nature of construction firms in China. Almost all Chinese construction firms of different sizes pete for similar jobs in the construction market and manage similar projects, which results in _excessive petition_ and thin profit margins, especially for large SOEs which need to maintain a sizable business turnover. Fig. 2. Categories of construction firms of various ownerships in 1999 In spite of the welldefined roles of the above parties in construction safety, the safety performance on construction sites is still disappointingly poor in China. Occupational accidents have not been effectively prevented. When paring the figures of 1998 and 1999, the serious accidents on construction site had increased by % while the number of fatalities had increased by %. 3. Root causes affecting safety performance There are various factors influencing safety management in the construction industry. These factors can be grouped into people_s role, organization, management, technology, industrial relationship and so on. Due to differences in culture, management and the market structure, these factors have diverse influence on construction safety. The related literature to date on safety management is tabulated in Table 1, based upon a literature s。