外文翻译---国际和国内的技术外溢与中国生产率增长(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---国际和国内的技术外溢与中国生产率增长(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

transferred from foreign investment arms are usually mature techniques, not core techniques。 and as the working conditions and rewards of overseasfunded arms are better than that of native arms, knowledge diffusion caused by turnover of native talented personnel is usually oneway from the native arms to overseasfunded arms. Moreover, technologies created in the industrialized countries are argued to be biased to the factor endowment of the country where the technology is developed, and 3 therefore are capital and skilledlabor augmenting(Basu and Weil 1998。 Acemoglu 2020). The advanced foreign technology, therefore,may not be appropriate for developing countries given their different factor, economic, and social conditions (Atkinson and Stiglitz 1969。 Stewart 1983). Finally, considering that technology progress has the characteristic of path dependence, a country that is dependent on the technology spillover of FDI for a long period will later limit its independent innovation. Therefore, strengthening Ramp。 D and enhancing the independent creative abilities should be the main path for developing countries’ technological advancement. Taking into account the pros and cons of the foreign and indigenous innovation, Lall (2020) argues that neither autonomous innovations nor FDIreliant strategies can be used independently. Theoretically, FDI contributes to technological upgrading in the host economy in several ways. First, advanced technology embedded in imported machinery and equipment can lift the level production technology of the host economy. Second,Ramp。 D and other forms of innovation generated by foreign arms and Ramp。 D labs of MNEs increase the innovation outputs in the country directly (Athreye and Cantwell 2020). Third, FDI may contribute to the local innovation system by bringing in advanced management practices and thus improving the innovation efficiency of the local innovation system (Fu 2020a). Finally, technological spillovers from foreign innovation activities may influence technical change and the catchup of indigenous arms. Knowledge spillovers from foreign to local arms may take place through knowledge transfer within the supply chain, skilled labor turnovers, demonstration effects when local arms are learning by imitation, and petition effects when the petitive pressure caused by foreign presence forces the local arms to improve their production technology and management. However, foreign Ramp。 D activities could also generate negative externalities to the domestic innovation activities. These negative effec。