外文翻译---交通拥堵收费和城市交通系统的可持续发展-交通线路(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---交通拥堵收费和城市交通系统的可持续发展-交通线路(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

uire a dynamic balance between the main pillars of sustainable development, economic development, environmental protection and social justice for current and future generations. In the context of sustainable transport systems, how congestion pricing can contribute to economic growth, environmental protection and social justice is examined in this paper. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In section 2, the impacts of congestion pricing on economic development are described. Section 3 presents the contribution to environment protection, and the relationship between social justice and congestion pricing is analyzed. Some conclusions are given in section 5. 2. Economic development Traffic congestion, resulting in the increase of travel time, traffic accident, energy consumption and environment deterioration, has produced numerous economic losses. It was reported that economic loss caused by traffic congestion amounted to 40 million Yuan per year in Beijing and 1/3 of GDP in Shanghai in 2020 In many cites, traffic congestion has seen as a hindrance to economic development. Any sustainable transportation management polices should meet the goals of improving the effects of transport on economic development, and without adversely impacting the environment and the potential for further economic growth. How effective would congestion pricing strategy be in reducing congestion, lowering pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, cutting fuel use, and reducing other adverse impacts of current transportation system? The basic economic principles of congestion pricing can be illustrated in Figure 1. Theoretically, individual users decide whether or not to use a particular road by weighing the costs they will to bear against the benefits to themselves. Total social benefits can be measure by the area under D in Figure 1. The user costs indicated on the MPC curve reflect only the costs borne by each user as new users (. “marginal” users) are added. However, the marginal user occasions additional social costs, such as air pollution and delay to other users, which he does not bear. The total costs borne by each marginal user and the social costs occasioned by him are the marginal social costs of each trip. Marginal social costs are indicated by the MSC curve in figure 1. Figure 1 Effect of congestion pricing If there are n vehicles in the transport system, and mean user cost is represented by MPC, one marginal user added will increase mean user cost to MPC+ △ the marginal social costs can be formulated as MSC = (n + 1)( MPC + ΔMPC ) − nMPC= MPC + ΔMPC + nΔMPC Congestion pricing is an important means of transportation demand management, and initially only affects transportation decisions. Practices prove that congestion pricing can effectively regulate traffic travel time and space distribution, promote effective utilization of road resources, and enhance the efficiency of transportation operations. Congestion pricing implementation in Singapore has showed that traffic volumes decreased by 17% in peak time periods, and London’s experience also indicated that pricing schemes was successful. As we convert all the savings in travel time resulting from decreased congestion to moary units, we can conclude that the reduction of congestion will promote sustainable economic development. Toll will affect travelers’ budget constraints and will result not only in mode switching but also in broader changes in the economy that will be acpanied by the geographic redistribution of trips. Some concerns that congestion pricing may have negative effects on the economy of the central area, particularly on retail. A counterargument, however, states that the reduced congestion is supposed to lower the costs of the downtown businesses, making them more petitive. The location of retail activity, on the other hand, is also driven by individuals’ preferred shopping locations. As well known, individuals tend to shop near their place of residence, so retail firms cannot easily move out of the core area, because so many people live in center area. This dependence on customer convenience explains why retail production decreases less tha。