外文翻译---为什么中国如此具有竞争力？测量和讲述中国的竞争力(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---为什么中国如此具有竞争力？测量和讲述中国的竞争力(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

t the hightech categories contain not only advanced technology but also simpler assembly activities required to build hightech products like telephones and PCs, an important part of Chinese export production. advantage and international petitiveness The explanation of international petitiveness by economists goes back many years to the theory of parative advantage and factor pricing . While Ricardo focused on one production factor and differences in technology (climate), dealt with labour and capital inputs and justified parative advantage on the basis of underlying differences in factor endowments and relative factor prices. This approach has been extended to many products and many factors. In the modern theory of trade under imperfect petition, factorbased parative advantage continues to play a central role in explaining trade patterns, although scale economies and strategic motives are also important. Ronald Jones (2020) has also noted that absolute advantages may influence patterns of specialisation if some inputs to production are mobile across borders, as are capital, management and technology in today‟s globalised economy. Comparative advantage with factor pricing may lie at the heart of the theory of specialisation and trade, but it is not always closely related to realworld discussions of petitiveness. Comparative advantage is a microeconomic concept, focusing on industryspecific trade, explaining why one country might export labourintensive products while another country might specialise in capitalintensive ones. By definition, each country has a parative advantage in the production of some products – those for which it has a lower relative (opportunity) cost than its petitors. Comparative advantage has little significance from a macroeconomic perspective. It is not meaningful to say that at any time country A in the aggregate has a parative advantage over country B. Factorbased parative advantage is an equilibrium concept, predicting a pattern of trade when prices, trade flows and exchange rates are in equilibrium. Business decisions, in contrast, often must explicitly consider shortterm situations as well as longterm equilibrium outes. These will include current economic conditions, exchange rates and other factors that may represent deviations from longrun equilibrium, sometimes for fairly long periods of time. Finally, factorbased parative advantage does not take explicitly into account the technological options available to the producers. At the microeconomic level, when dealing with specific products, it is not always clear from theory alone which country has the most favourable mix of resources and factor prices for various types of production. Depending on technology and infrastructure, a shortage of labour relative to capital which implies relatively high wage rates may be offset by differences in technology. High wages may or may not translate into petitive disadvantage for labourintensive products if alternative technologies using less labour and more capital are available. For example, many products that are produced by hand in China are also produced, by machine, in the United States. From a micro perspective as well, it is possible to ask whether certain industries are petitive in world markets. This calls for a parison of costs in the peting countries, at a prevailing exchange r。