外文翻译---一个审查和评价中国的旅游质量保证体系的指导(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---一个审查和评价中国的旅游质量保证体系的指导(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

sing and serves as the preparation stage for it. Tour guides in China must secure a license before they can work legally in the profession, and it has considerable potential as a mechanism for quality assurance. According to the Administrative Regulations on Tour Guides, individuals who have obtained tour guide qualification certificate can apply for a tour guide license to provinciallevel tourism administrations after registering themselves with a tour guiding services pany or signing an employment contract with a travel agency. This employment contract with a travel agency, however, is only a legal requirement, as many do not pay a base salary or a bonus to their guides. Instead, as a mon industry practice, the tour guide pays his/her affiliated travel agency a certain amount of money for each group to which he/she is assigned to provide a tour guiding service. This money is usually referred as a “headfee” in the industry’s jargon. Rather than earning a salary or wage, it is assumed that the tour guide will earn her/his ine by shopping missions and tips, which is quite generous from some tour groups, enough to cover the headfee and still earn a good living. A travel agency treats such assigning of a tour group to a tour guide as a benevolent act to her/him. Thus, the relationship between the tour guide and the travel agency resembles businesstobusiness transaction rather than that of an employment contract between an employer and an employee. Tour guide training Tour guide training is the element of China’s tour guiding system that is perhaps the least exploited and presents the greatest potential for quality assurance. From an institutional perspective, there are tour guides training organizations throughout the country. CNTA has a dedicated division of education and training which regards tour guide training as one of its most prominent responsibilities. At provincial and city levels, most tourism administrations have an industry training centre affiliated with them. These training centers play a major role in many kinds of local tour guide training programmes. Many universities with tourism programmes also receive contracted tour guide training from local tourism authorities or organize independent training courses, mostly targeting prequalification examination 5 training. A number of private profitmaking training schools also undertake prequalification examination training as their core business. Tour guide training is usually delivered at three levels. At the top level, CNTA formulates training policies and plans。 CNTA seldom organizes training sessions directly for tour guides. However, in addition to making relevant training policies, it does organize training sessions in relation to tour guiding training, for instance, “training the trainers” programmes targeting major regional tour guide trainers, or training sessions familiarizing local tour guide examination officers with new policies. Most of the tour guide training activities are undertaken by training centers affiliated with provincialor citylevel tourism administrations. These training activities include prequalification examination training and annual auditing training. The annual auditing training is pulsory for all working tour guides. As a ponent of the tour guide auditing system, tour guides are required to undertake offthejob training and accumulate no less than 56 hours per annum. The training content prises political ideology and professional ethics, updates on policies and regulation。