外文翻译----网络团购中的不确定性需求细分(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译----网络团购中的不确定性需求细分(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

d. The authors examined three different selling policies that they argue are potentially optimal in their environment: uniform pricing, clearance sales, and introductory offers. A uniform pricing policy involves no seller price discrimination, though consumers are likely to exhibit different levels of willingnesstopay when they are permitted to express themselves through purchases at different price levels. A current example of uniform pricing policy is iTunes (), which has been offering 99162。 per song pricing. The consumer has to deal with very little uncertainty in the process, and this may be a good approach when the seller wants to “train” consumers to develop specific buying habits (as seems to have been the case with the online purchase of digital music in the past few years). Nocke and Peitz (2020) characterized a clearance sales policy as charging a high price initially, but then lowering the price and offering the remaining goods to low value consumers, as is often seen in department store sales policy. Consumers with a high valuation for the sale goods may decide to buy at the high price, since the endogenous probability of rationing by the seller is higher at the lower price. Apropos to this, consumers who buy late at low prices typically find that it is difficult to find the styles, colors and sizes that they want, and they may have more difficulty to coordinate the purchase of matching items (., matching colors and styles of clothing). Introductory offers consist of selling a limited quantity of items at a low price initially in the market, and then raising price. A variant occurs when the seller offers a lower price for the first purchase of goods or services that typically involve multiple purchases by the consumer (., book club memberships and cell phone services). Consumers who place a high valuation on a sale item rationed initially at the lower price may find it optimal to buy the goods at the higher price. Introductory offers may dominate uniform pricing, but are never optimal if the seller uses clearance sales. In uncertain markets, buyers will have private information. Che and Gale (2020) pointed out that when consumers have private information about their budget constraints and their valuation of sales items, so a monopolist’s optimal pricing strategy is to offer a menu of lotteries on the likelihood of consumer purchases of its products at different prices. Another approach is intertemporal price discrimination. By offering different prices with different probabilities for the consumer to obtain the good, the monopolist can profitably segment consumers even though valuation segments alone are not profitable. Even when the seller can effectively identify the consumer demand level in the marketplace, due to stochastic factors in the market environment, it still may be difficult for the seller to effectively predict demand. As a result, the seller may try to improve its demand forecast by utilizing market signals that may be observed when sales occur. However, there are likely to be some stochastic differences between the predicted demand by the seller and the realized demand in the marketplace (Kauffman and Mohtadi 2020). Lo and Wu (2020) pointed out that a typical seller faces different types of risks, and among these, a key factor is forecast error, the difference between the forecast and the actual levels of demand. Dirim and Roundy (2020) quantified forecast。