外文翻译----生物能源与清洁发展机制在新兴市场的碳信用额(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译----生物能源与清洁发展机制在新兴市场的碳信用额(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

stoves can result in significant reductions of other pollutants, including nonCO2 greenhouse gases (CH4。 eligible as baseline emission) and other ambient air pollutants, particularly the emissions of unburned ponents such as VOC (Volatile Organic Carbons), PAH (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and carbon monoxide, and main reasons for these unburned ponents are the “relatively low bustion temperatures and the insufficient mixing, of air and the bustible gases” (FAIR 1998). 3. Landuse related emission reductions and additional benefits. Landuse related emissions (deforestation and forest degradation) make up the bulk of GHG emissions from current, “traditional” biomass energy systems. However, bioenergy activities (such as efficiency improvements) that reduce these landuse related emissions are currently not eligible as activity under theCDM,as the associated baseline emissions (. emissions stemming from deforestation and forest degradation) are not recognised as eligible baselines for CDM projects (in the first place). The reduction of eventual negative landuse impacts through enhanced bioenergy efficiency depends obviously on the project baseline. Where fuelwood is not extracted from forest resources but stems from outside forests, the monitoring will be difficult and the negative impacts of the baseline case in terms of GHG emissions are debatable. In the case of unsustainable charcoal production from forestwood the monitoring of decreased land and forest degradationwould be easier, and the degradation of land in the baseline case clearly linked to the energy production. This link cannot be taken for granted where fuelwood is extracted from land after or because it is or has been cleared for other (primary) purposes, such as landuse change for agricultural use. The change in energy efficiency might thus not necessarily contribute to reduced deforestation. It would in any case though reduce one pressure on the forestry resource. Another (apart from the monitoring and baseline problems discussed so far) aspect of efficiency improvement in bioenergy systems (and respective gains in emission reductions) that merits careful attention, is leakage. Leakage in this context occurs when the efficiency improvement does not lead to a decrease in fuel use but merely to an increase in energy use at constant fuel input levels. This effect has historically been observed where more efficient heating and cooking devices were introduced, in developing as well as in industrialised countries. . GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS THROUGH SWITCHING TO A SUSTAINABLE (RENEWABLE) SOURCE OF BIOMASS FUEL A key aspect here is the differentiation between sustainable and unsustainable or renewable and nonrenewable biomass. A nonrenewable source of biomass would be one where the carbon stocks are declining over time due to overexploitation. An example of how GHG emissions from unsustainable land use can be reduced is a CDM project that includes the establishment of a sustainable source of fuel (such as through the establishment of a munitybased fuelwood plantation). This has two benefits: (1) it enhances the carbon stocks in the plantation. (2) It reduces the emissions from unsustainable land use. The change of the carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere due to efficiency improvements in bioenergy installations may or may not be covered by the Kyoto Protocol, depending on the type of land use in which these carbon stock changes occur, and whether the country has chosen that category under Article . For example, if the use of bioenergy were to lead to the afforestation of agricultural land for plantations of fast growing trees, then these positive effects would be covered. Thus, a winwin situation can exist when biomass production leads to expansion of forest lands, and to a substitution of fossil fuels. On the other hand, carbon stock changes in already existing forests, or agricultural land management, may or may not be part of the Kyoto inventory, depending on a country’s choice for including these activities. For example, the use of agricultural residues for energy may lead to a slight depletion of soil carbon stocks (pared to the reference case where these resides are left on the site), and if a country has elected cropland management as an Article activity, then a tradeoff could occur between the fossilfuel substitution effects and the depletion of soil carbon (if it is detected by that country’s monitoring system of GHG emissions and removals). All in all, it can be said that biomass energy is a key ponent of many countries’ strategies for meeting their Kyoto Protocol targets. This is also obvious from the fact that, for example, the European Union has decided to use policy instruments (Directive for electricity from renewable energy sources including biomass。 Directive for the use of liquid biofuels) to further promote the use of Directives provide goals for member states in terms of the share of biomass and biofuels. For example, the Biofuels Directive requires countries to include in their transportation fuels a share of at least 2% of bi。