外文文献翻译--自然简约—对室内设计现象分析(编辑修改稿)

外文文献翻译--自然简约—对室内设计现象分析(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ilt in 17th century India. Throughout the 18th century and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker or, in well off families an upholsterer or craftsman may influence the style of the interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to plete interior design for their buildings. Towards the end of the 19th century interior decorating emerged as a profession in the Western world. This was due to various actions, particularly by women, to preprofessional the homemaking process. Elsie De Wolfe has been credited with the creation of the interior decorating profession. Having successfully redesigned her own home, De Wolfe began offering her services to other people within her social circle. As people began offering interior decoration as a service the professionalization of this service gained momentum. This movement towards professionalization was reinforced by the publication of books on the subject. Publications include the book Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture (1876) by Anges and Rhoda Garrett, Elsie De Wolfe’s The House in Good Taste (1913) and articles by Candice Wheeler such as Principles of Home Decoration with Practical Examples (1903). Most of the books were published by women and clearly suggested the profession was within the women’s domain, . The twopart article Interior Decoration as a Profession for Women (1895), written by Candice Wheeler. As previously mentioned, before formal interior decorators evolved the job was the concern of craftsmen or upholsterers. This means that many ‘decorators’ at this time were dealers in the elements needed for interiors. This called into question the qualifications of the decorator and their standing as an independent adviser. This gave term interior decorator negative connotations for some, as a painter or curtain sales person can be a selfappointed decorator. Hence, the decorators favored term Interior Designer. Interior design has now developed past the point of decoration and the terms, although overlapping, are distinct. The most prominent development of the interior design profession was after World War II. From the 1950s on wards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. Historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. While organization to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the profession. Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers, engineers, builders, craftsmen, etc. For these reasons the government of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organizations that involved design. Organizations such as the Chartered Society of Designers, established in the UK in 1986, and the American Designers Institute, founded in 1938, were established as organizations that governed various areas of design. It was not until later that specific representation for the interior design profession was developed. The US National Society of Interior Designers was established in 1957, while in the UK the Interior Decorators and Designers Association was established in 1966. Across Europe, other organizations such as The Finnish Association of Interior Architects (1949) were being established and in 1994 the International Interior Design Association was founded. Ellen Mazur Thomson, author of Origins of Graphic Design in America (1997), determined that professional status is achieved through education, selfimposed standards and professional gatekeeping organizations. Having achieved this, interior design became an accepted profession. There are various paths that one can take to bee a professional interior designer. All of these paths involve some form of training. Working with a successful professional designer is an informal method of training and has previously been the most mon method of education. Reallife experience can gradually build skills that professional design work demands. Training through an institution such as a college, art or design school or university is a more formal route to professional practice. A formal education program, particularly one accredited by or developed with a professional organization of interior designers, can provide training that is associated meets a minimum standard of excellence and therefore gives a student an education of a high standard. Supervised practical experience in a design firm after formal training produces develops skills further and results in one being a highly skilled designer. While one can bee an interior designer without formal training, the knowledge and skills attained through structured education allows a designer to be better prepared in a petitive job market. Working conditions in the US There are a wide range of working conditions and employment opportunities within interior design. Large and tiny corporations often hire interior designers as employees on regular working hours. Designers for smaller firms usually work on a contract or perjob basis. Selfemployed designers, which make up 26% of interior designers, usually work the most hours. Interior designers often work under stress to meet deadlines, stay on budget, and meet clients39。 needs. In some cases, licensed professionals review the work and sign it before submitting the design for approval by clients or construction decisioning. The need for licensed review and signature varies by locality, relevant legislation, and scope of work. Their work can involve significant travel to visi。