外文文献翻译--承包商在投标过程中的风险和价格(编辑修改稿)

外文文献翻译--承包商在投标过程中的风险和价格(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

based mechanisms they are reported to use in approaching risk are not systematic in nature. However, this assertion does not ring true, in the light of other descriptions of the construction sector. A historical overview of the construction industry by Hughes and Hillebrandt (2020, p. 511) shows that from the early part of th nieenth century, contractors have responded to risks in the construction industry by using various means. Most contractors have resorted to the construction of speculative housing in the nieenth and twentieth centuries to sustain the labor force and business costs through the peaks and troughs of contracted work. A growing tendency exists for contractors to use their positive cash flow to invest in public/private partnerships (PPP) and private finance initiative (PFI) projects in which governments encourage the use of privatesector capital to procure public services. More recently, successful contractors are diversifying into businesses whose cycles counteract those of the construction industry. Contractors are mitigating risk by declining work perceived as too risky, subcontracting large portions of their work to others, and apportioning risk in wage structures. In essence, they are passing risk on to others in the supply chain. These contractors do seem adept at managing risk. However, by its very nature, risk is difficult to mitigate fully in all business sectors not just in the construction industry. Construction practitioners are often trained to account for risk in projects, particularly, for example, with the pilation of a risk register, as outlined by the Project Management Institute (PMI) (2020, pp. 237–268). This demonstrates that the importance of risk analysis is understood by practitioners. However, a detailed description of how contractors get from their understanding of risk to setting a price is not typically explained in the literature. The construction management literature articulates experience and intuition as the primary mechanisms that contractors use for pricing risks. For example, a survey of 400 . contractors by Mochtar and Arditi (2020) showed that In setting their bid offer, most contractors rely on their intuition after subjectively assessing the petition。 most contractors do not use special pricing software. However, most 5 analytical approaches appear to argue that experience and intuition do not form an adequate professional and objective basis for serious project management decisions (AlBahar and Crandall 1990). More than 60 systematic and rational approaches have been proposed as logical substitutes for the traditional, intuitive, unsystematic approach used by most contractors for assessing and pricing risk (Laryea and Hughes 2020). However, in most of the studies reviewed, no reference was made to any prehensive empirical work that explains how contractors actually account for risk in the whole tender process. Several writers (Kangari and Riggs 1989。 Paek et al. 1993。 Tah et al. 1993。 Liu and Ling 2020) have also proposed analytical models that contractors can use to assess risk in the bidding process. Citing the lack of significant work in construction risk analysis by fuzzy sets, Kangari and Riggs (1989) proposed a fuzzy set risk assessment methodology that can give contractors “…a more rational basis on which to make decisions.” The writers showed how a risk value, calculated by using fuzzy set principles, may be included as a risk premium in bids. However, no reference was made to any empirical research about what contractors actually do. By using the same fuzzy set theory, Paek et al. (1993) proposed a riskpricing method that contractors can use for analyzing and pricing risk when “…faced with the problem of deciding the bidding price of a construction project when the likelihood of the occurrence of risk events and the risk associated consequences are uncertain.” The model prescribed how an optimum risk premium should be included in construction bids. Here too, no reference was made to any empirical research about what contractors actually do. Tah et al. (1993) developed a conceptual model for “contractor’s risk assessment during tender preparation for the purpose of allocating contingencies to cover the risks” by using the principles of fuzzy set theory. Liu and Ling (2020) introduced a fuzzy logicbased artificial neural work model to help contractors in the “… estimation of markup in a changeable and uncertain construction environment.” In justifying the model development, Liu and Ling argued that …it is important to be able to model markup estimation as the model can act as a decision aid to help contractors to overe their shortings in judgment and limited shortterm memory, which prevents them from processing large amounts of information. However, the study cited no evidence to show that contractors do indeed have shortings in their judgment or a limited shortterm memory, for which reason 6 they require a sophisticated model to help in markup estimation. This paper argues that th。