外商直接投资和贸易对中欧及东欧国家就业的影响针外文翻译-国际贸易(编辑修改稿)

外商直接投资和贸易对中欧及东欧国家就业的影响针外文翻译-国际贸易(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ld prices have resulted in a substantial increase in unemployment that persists for a considerable period of time. It is one of the concerns of this study to explore the link between employment and output particularly for the period of the 2020s – a time when the countries had achieved a long way in terms of integration into the world economy through market mechanisms. The situation in manufacturing employment is even more dramatic. It decreased in all countries not only in the first period of transition recession, but also in the postrecession period. In general, the jobs created in services have offset the negative effects of the major downsizing in the manufacturing industry, but even during the uninterrupted growth years of 2020s new service jobs have just sufficed to generate stagnation in total employment(Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Bulgaria), or in some cases could not even pensate for the job losses in manufacturing(Poland, Romania)。 only in Slovenia, Estonia, and Latvia showed a modest increase in employment. Table 1 shows the annual average growth rates of GDP and total employment in the period of Table 1: Growth in GDP and employment in CEECs (20202020 period average, in per cent) GDP Employment Czech R. Hungary Poland Slovakia Slovenia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Bulgaria Romania Source: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. Another important concern is about the quality of the jobs created in the service sector. Although the shift in employment from industry towards services is a pattern, which goes along with improvements in productivity, and can be observed in developed countries as well, Reinert and Kattel (2020) point out that the type of deindustrialization in the CEECs is qualitatively very different from the slow „deindustrialization‟ of highine countries, which upgrade into a knowledgeintensive service sector。 in contrast the service jobs created in the CEECs are mostly low–skilled and lowpaid jobs. A further controversial fact is that rapid improvements in exports and foreign direct investment have so far not been able to reverse the stagnation in aggregate employment or the decline in manufacturing employment in the CEECs. Hunya and Geishecker(2020) provide evidence that the nature of FDI flows can accountfor this development to some extent. About half of the FDI in the New Member States between 1990 and 1998 was in the form of privatizationrelated acquisitions, and the restructuring of the former stateowned enterprises led to massive labor shedding. In later years, especially in manufacturing, most of the new FDI has been investment in new assets。 however even then although new capacities usually increased employment, technological progress also led to layoffs simultaneously. Moreover, most of the Greenfield jobs have been created in the service sector such as banking,retail and real estate. Irrespective of the initial method of entry, FDI is now increasingly taking the form of reinvestment of pro。