地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议外文翻译-环境工程(编辑修改稿)

地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议外文翻译-环境工程(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

外 文 翻 译 11 1999。 Hayashi et al. 2020), toxic (Rodgers et al. 1996。 Bell and Wilson 1988。 Chen et al. 1997。 Sullivan and Yelton 1988), oily(Ahumada et al. 2020。 AlMasri and Suman 2020), farming(Garnier et al. 1998。 Mohanty 2020) and radioactive materials (Rocco and Zucchetti 1997。 Walker et al. 2020。 Adamov et al. 1992。 Krinitsyn et al. 2020). Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being used as major building ponents in the construction sector. All of these materials have been produced from existing natural resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the environment due to their continuous exploitation. In addition, the cost of construction materials is incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the last few years. Therefore, it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes (DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw material prices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in shown Table 1 (Hendriks and Pietersen 2020). The recycling ratio for Turkey is 10%. Every year, 14 million tons of waste materials are generated in Istanbul. These waste materials consist of million tons EW, million tons organic materials and million tons DW (IMM 2020). Approximately, million tons of municipal wastes are produced in Istanbul every year. However, the recycling rate is approximately equal to only 7%. This rate will increase to 27%, when the construction of the plant is pleted. Medical wastes are another problem, with over 9,000 tons dumped every year. Medical wastes are disposed by burning. Distributions of municipal wastes are given in Fig. 1 Country Concentration of CW in total waste (in%) CW and DW recycled (in%) Denmark 2550 80 Netherlands 26 75 Japan 36 65 Australia 44 51 Germany 19 50 Finland 14 40 United Kingdom over 50 40 USA 29 25 France 25 25 Spain 70 17 Italy 30 10 Brazil 15 8 Norway 30 7 Table 1 Comparison of a few countries’ construction waste concentration 外 文 翻 译 12 Fig. 1 Current status of municipal waste distribution in Istanbul In this study, environmental problems in Istanbul, such as EW resulting from tunnelling operations, DW resulting from building demolition and home wastes, are evaluated. Resources of EW, material properties and alternatives of possible usage are also evaluated. Railway system studies Three preliminary studies concerning transportation in Istanbul were conducted in 1985, 1987 and 1997. A fourth study is currently being conducted. The Istanbul Transportation Main Plan states that railway systems must constitute the main facet of Istanbul’s transportation work (IMM 2020). In addition to existing lines, within the scope of the Marmaray Project, 36 km of metro, 96 km of light rail, and 7 km of tram, with a total of 205 km of new railway lines, must be constructed. Consequently, the total length of railway line will exceed 250 km. Environmental problems caused by subway excavations Transporting and storing excavated material Almost all land in Istanbul is inhabited. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to store and recycle excavated material obtained either from metro excavations or other construction activities, causing minimal damage and disturbance to the city. The collection, temporary storage, recycling, reuse, transportation and destruction of excavated material and construction waste are controlled by environmental law number 2872. According to this law, it is essential that: 1. Waste must be reduced at its source. 2. Management must take necessary precautions to reduce the harmful effects of waste. 3. Excavated material must be recycled and reused, especially within the construction infrastructure. 4. Excavated material and construction waste must not be mixed. 外 文 翻 译 13 5. Waste must be separated from its source and subjected to ―selective destruction‖ in order to form a sound system for recycling and destruction. 6. Producers of excavated material or construction waste must provide required funds to destroy waste. According to environmental laws, municipalities are responsible for finding areas within their province limits to excavate and operate these systems. Both the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Waste Recycling Company are the foundations that actively carryout all operations regarding excavated material. Since dumping areas have limited space, they are quickly filled, without any available plausible solution for remediation. In addition, existing dumping areas are far away from metro excavation areas. This means that loaded trucks are peting with city traffic, causing traffic congestion with their low speed and pollutants dropping off their wheels or bodies. Furthermore, this results in a loss of money and labour. The approximate amount of excavated material from ongoing railway excavation will be equal to 12 million m3. All tunnels have been excavated with new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), earth pressure balance method (EPBM), tunnel boring machine (TBM), and cut and cover method. Existing dumping areas in Istanbul are listed in Table 2. It can be seen that existing dumping areas can only acmodate material excavated from the metro construction. Another important matter according to Table 2 is that 93% of existing dumping areas are on the European side of Istanbul, with 88% of them in Kemerburgaz. Thus, all excavated material on the Anatolian side must cross over European site every day for a distance of approximately 150 km. Every day, on average, 3,000 trucks carry various types of excavated material to Kemerburgaz from other。