土木工程毕业设计外文翻译--土木工程-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)

土木工程毕业设计外文翻译--土木工程-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smokeproducing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land. Transportation engineering Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners since the quality of the munity is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. Pipeline engineering In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities, which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semi liquids wastes, to water, oil and various types pf highly bustible and nonbustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type pf materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or binations of various materials, installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well. Construction engineering Civil engineers in this field oversee the 4 construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors, workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete。 and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure. Construction is a plicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that coats are kept as low as possible. Safety factor must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. Community and urban planning Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop munities within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering considerations。 environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natura。