土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas. 5 .材料的供应。 砂 、 碎石 、 水泥和混凝土搅拌 设备 是 被 非常广泛使用 的 ，以及钢筋比结构钢更容易运到 多数工地。 因此，钢筋混凝土在偏远地区经常使用。 On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include: 另一方面，有一些因素可能会导致选择钢筋混凝土以外的 材料。 这些措施包括： 1. Low tensile strength. The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its pressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overe by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow peration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of waterretaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage. 1 .低抗拉强度。 混凝土 的抗拉 强度是远低于其 抗压 强度（约 1 / 10 ） ，因此， 混凝土易经受裂缝。 在结构用途 时 ，用钢筋 承受拉力 ，并限制裂缝宽度在允许的范围内来克服。 不过，在设计和施工中 如果不 采取 措施 ，这些裂缝可能会有碍观瞻，或可允许水的 浸入。 发生这种情况时，水或化学 物质 如道路除冰盐可能会导致混凝土 的 恶化或 污染。 这种情况下 ， 需要特别设计的 措施。 在水支挡结构 这种情况下 ， 需要 特别的 措施 和 /或 预应力，以 防止泄漏。 2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a castinplace structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction. 2 .支摸。 建 造 一个现浇结构 包括 三个步骤 ，在 钢或木结构 的 施工中 是 遇 不 到的。 这些都是（ a） 支摸 （ b） 拆摸 （ c ） 安装支撑 ，直至其 达到足够的 强度以支 承 其重量。 上述每个步骤，涉及劳动 力 和 /或材料， 在其他结构形式中，这是没有必要的。 3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume. The pressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a parable steel structure. As a result, longspan structures are often built from steel. 3 . 每单位重量 或 量 的 相对低强度。 该混凝土抗压强度大约是 钢材抗压强度 5 至 10 ％ ，而其单位密度大约是 钢材密度的 30 ％。 因此，一个混凝土结构， 与 钢 结构 相比， 需要较大的体积和较大重量的材料。 因此，大跨度结构，往往 建成钢结构。 4. Timedependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergoapproximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled, and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads. 4 .时间依赖的量的变化。 混凝土与钢进行大约同样数量的热膨胀和收缩 时，有 比较少量 的钢材加热或冷却，因为钢 与混凝土相比 是一个较好的 导体 ，钢结构比混凝土结构在更大程度上 更易 受温度变化。 另一方面， 混凝土 经历了 干 缩，如果 被抑 制，可能会导致 变形 或开裂。 此外， 变形 随着时间的推移将趋于增加，由于混凝土 在 持续的负荷 下的徐变 ，可能会增加一倍。 In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of ponents that make up typical reinforced concrete structuresbeams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of plex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, posed of these elements. 几乎在 土木工程和建筑 的每一个分支中 ，钢筋混凝土 在 结构和 基础领域内都得到了 广泛 的 使用。 因此。