公众参与使城市规划制定更加的民主外文翻译(编辑修改稿)

公众参与使城市规划制定更加的民主外文翻译(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ffect them has been a dominant theme running through modern planning thought. The issue was already raised in the Athens Charter (Le Corbusier, 1941/1973), a seminal manifesto on modern planning and architectural thought, which stated that “The ruthless violence of private interest provokes a disastrous upset between the thrust of economic forces … and the powerlessness of social solidarity” (Principle 73). Therefore, the charter concludes, “private interest will be subordinate to the collective interest” (Principle 95). Similarly, modern urban and district planning is primarily concerned with protecting the public from wild private interests. While this priority is crucial for the justification of state intervention in land and property markets, in Israel it has a double impact. As it has been argued before, the Israeli planning doctrine was shaped in its initial phase by an ideology of giving priority to the collective over the individual (Shachar,1998). Thus, substantial planning decisions were shaped by national objectives such as population dispersal rather than economic utility and social justice. For 毕业论文：外文翻译 学生姓名： 定稿时间： 20200128 ３ example, during the 1950s, nearly 30 development towns were constructed in the country‟s periphery and new immigrants were sent to the remote settlements on arrival. This was later described as the creation of „internal frontier regions‟ (Yiftachel, 1996) where immigrants were used as a tool for conquering land while promoting the economic interests of the founders‟ group. In addition, the ongoing national conflict over boundaries and territory, and the scarcity of land in the smallsized country, led to tight governmental control over land and spatial development, reinforcing the dominance of national interest arguments. Thus the National Land Authority (established 1960) owns about 90 per cent of the country‟s land, and other governmental agencies control public housing and physical infrastructure. As a result, individual needs and wills are subordinated to wider public interest considerations, and no protection is offered to private interests against public desires. This policy is。