theleisureandtourismenvironment(ppt43)(英文)-经营管理(编辑修改稿)

theleisureandtourismenvironment(ppt43)(英文)-经营管理(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

nema, radio, press, publicity sports coverage media integration, popular cultural „product‟, homogenisation  Hardware and software:  Homebased leisure : TV, video, satellite, cable, home cinema, music, CDs, DVDs, PCs, inter, puter games, growth of emerce 19 Nature of Commercial Sector Involvement The corporate market / The tourist market  Industrial leisure provision  Corporate fitness market  Inhouse gyms, health clubs, hotels •Tourism  Commercial sector activity  Transportation air, land, sea  Acmodation  Hospitality – food and drink  Entertainment  Visitor attractions 20 Nature of Commercial Sector Involvement Partnerships  With OTHER PROVIDER SECTORS  Public Sector: • Operation of a mercial lease on local authority premises • Private Finance Initiative agreement (PFI) • Provision of a site  Voluntary Sector: • Voluntary stewards, firstaiders at mercial events •With OTHER LEISURERELATED SECTORS  Hospitality  Retail 21 Best source on Commercial Partnerships Simmonds, B. (1994) Developing Partnerships in Sport and Leisure: a practical guide. Harlow: Longman. 22 Nature of Commercial Sector Involvement Sponsorship  Sponsorship not philanthropic  Sports and arts (teams。 TV programmes。 prominent events)  Twoway process  Benefits and drawbacks 23 Benefits to Sponsors • Publicity and promotion of the sponsoring anisation • Corporate image enhancement (oil, tobacco, alcohol, banks) •Improved public relations • Trade relations • Tax benefits • Employee / client entertainment (special seating at sports event, opera) 24 Sponsorship drawbacks • Funding to 233。 lite who can afford to purchase (hidden subsidy)  Activities with media exposure only  Male orientated (cf. women‟s sport) – „many heroes but few heroines‟  Can be shortlived, vulnerable, not sustained  Influences pattern of leisure activity (., „safe‟ mainstream arts, rather than fringe sponsors avoid controversy) 25 Trends in Commercial Leisure Provision (80‟s and 90‟s to present) Six main trends identifiable : •MARKET CONCENTRATION • DIVERSIFICATION • VERTICAL INTEGRATION . . . 80‟s, 90‟s • GLOBALISATION . . . present • COMMODIFICATION • HOMOGENISATION 26 Market Concentration  Progressive sequence:  Competition gives rise to smallscale entrepreneurs  Growth and expansion of their businesses  Stockmarket floatation  Mergers, takeovers, acquisitions  Domination by larger firms and by transnational and international corporations – shape market „concentrated‟ in a few hands  Oligopoly  Loss of consumer power and choice 27 Examples of Market Concentration  Brewing industry  Between 1920 and 1939 the number of British breweries fell from 2,889 to 885  1989 Monopolies and Mergers Commission first expressed concern  At present, a small number of brewing giants produce 85% of the country‟s beer  Almost 9 out of 10 pints sold  Bla。