以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越[外文翻译](编辑修改稿)

以色列高新技术产业五十年的卓越[外文翻译](编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

rame and MidRange Computers Inter Technologies Inter Products Educational Software and Multimedia Graphic Arts and Color Printing Technologies Billing Software for Telephone and Cellular Operators Semiconductor Development and PostProduction Inspection Tools CAD, CAM, and CAE. International Firms in Israel It has taken several years for the management of international hightech firms to decide to utilize Israels advantages as an operations base. Of course, events in the Middle East play a decisive role in international business strategies. The continuing peace process with the Palestinians, since 1993, has encouraged many international firms to establish operations and/or conduct business in Israel. There has been a US presence in Israel, though, for three decades. Two hightech giants IBM and Motorola established local subsidiaries for sales and technical support in the 1960s。 over time the local plants evolved into full research and development facilities. Motorola took the process one step further and established one of its largest manufacturing facilities in Arad, near the Dead Sea. During the late 1970s Intel Corporation began operations in Israel. Today, Intels activities range from Ramp。 D (in Haifa) to wafer manufacturing (Fab 8 in Jerusalem)。 and a plant designated Fab 18 under construction in Kiryat Gat. Israel is highly regarded as a location for branches of foreign firms. Benefits include highlyskilled engineers, good geographic location and some tax and custom benefits, which enable US firms to sell products manufactured in Israel to European markets without paying duty. Moreover, the government of Israel is considered a generous partner for foreign investors who establish operations in the northern or the southern parts of the country. Government assistance can be in the form of a cash refund or longterm taxwaivers. In Israel, the presence of international firms is somewhat of a controversy. Opponents in local industry claim that foreign firms gain resources as a result of local brain power, but do not funnel anything back into the local economy. This position is held because most foreign firms do not build manufacturing facilities, the more massive employers in the local market. Still, despite this dissenting point of view, most Israelis continue to consider the presence of international hightech firms in Israel to be very important. Since 1995, many foreign firms have established a presence in Israel. Of these, some entered the market by setting up operations directly, whereas others do so by friendly takeover of small Israeli firms. Additional firms are listed as . firms, although all development and manufacturing facilities are located in Israel and management is Israeli, or largely Israeli. Many international firms also maintain a presence in Israel by virtue of their minority holdings in Israeli startup panies. This phenomenon began a few years ago and is expected to continue in the future. These minority shareholders also invariably hold options for share increases. International firms which established local research and development centers in Israel in the 70s and the 80s brought the knowhow and the operating procedures of large conglomerates to local, inexperienced firms. These firms exposed Israeli industry to new areas, primarily in the telemunications and the semiconductor industries. Cooperation with Foreign Firms The Israel hightech industry can benefit from cooperation with foreign panies at all levels. Some of the success stories of the Israel hightech industry involve a partnership between an Israeli and a foreign partner, in which the Israeli partner provides the technology or the product, and the foreign partner provides the sales and support functions in target markets. This type of cooperation is a winwin situation for both sides. For US partners or investors it is even more beneficial as the partnership can apply for BIRD Foundation funds. Motorola, Inte。