英语语法归纳与练习(doc15)-考试学习(编辑修改稿)

英语语法归纳与练习(doc15)-考试学习(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

de and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the poser at the moment he poses. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比 not only„ but (also)。 prefer„to„。 rather than有的是同类对比： and。 but； or； both„ and„； either„ or„。 neither„ nor„ .. 平行结构测试时候注意以下几点： 1．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。 如： It is better to die one’ s feet than . [A]living on one’ s knees [B]live on one’ s knees [C]on one’ s knees [D]to live on one’ s knees (答案为 D) Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。 1） rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。 如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. [A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案为 A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. [A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’ s say （答案为 B） 2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。 如： At times, more care goes into the position of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代词及其指代一致 一．代词的指代 1． that的指代作用 that 指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用 those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的 that of。 如 Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “ digestive pauses” by that指代前面的 the role。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 2． one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为 ones。 the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。 如： A good writer is who can express the monplace in an unmon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为 [C] 3． do的替代作用。 do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。 如： For him to be reelected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二．代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持 中国最大的管理资源中心 (大量免费资源共享 ) 第 7 页 共 13 页 一致。 Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 这里 he指代前面的 person。 It was during the 1920’ s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 这里 its指代前面 的两人的 friendship。 Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me. 这里 me必须用宾格形式。 代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律： 1．邻近和靠近原则 由 either „ or, neither„ nor, not only„ but (also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Ja es , he or she will want a drink 2．当 each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候 ,或者 anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。 如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’ t it” 3．当主语为复数形式，后跟 each作同位语时，如果 each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位 于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。 如： They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4．由 and连接两个先行词，代词用复数 如： the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident （三） 主谓一致问题 主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。 把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓 语。 解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则： 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则 很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。 总结如下： 一．谓语动词用单数的情况 1．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。 如： Buying clothes is often a timeconsuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. (1987年考研题 ) To understand the situation pletely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 中国最大的管理资源中心 (大量免费资源共享 ) 第 8 页 共 13 页 2．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。 Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3．一般用 and 连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用 and 连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案： A。 4．表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5．有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6．用 and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候，动词谓语用单数形式 Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二． 谓语用复数情况 1． 由 and, both „ and, 连接的并列主语，和 both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。 Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 2．集体名词 police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3．当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive 4．某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词。