专家系统方法，以尽量减少人才外流的影响外文翻译(编辑修改稿)

专家系统方法，以尽量减少人才外流的影响外文翻译(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

in from the developing countries. The results of these studies strongly suggest that prospects of such slowdown, if any, are very limited. One study, Kwok and Leland (1982) examines the issue as to why students from developing countries do not return to their home country from the USA after receipt of their advanced degrees. They argue that the economic incentives are not the only cause for this problem. Rather, they hypothesize, individuals of high abilities are not motivated to return because their perceptions remain that the employers in their home country may not fully appreciate nor utilize their abilities. The results of this study support their hypothesis. Consequently, economic considerations, as well as psychological ones, contribute to the loss of these scarce intellectual assets from the developing countries Lien (1987) extended the findings of Kwok and Leland (1982). This study argues that although the home country employers may not fully prehend the qualifications of prospective employees returning from abroad, usually the ranking of the schools, where the candidates studied, infers such qualifications to them. With this assumption, Lien developed a mathematical model of the possible behavior of individuals with advanced degrees. The result of the study suggests that exceptionally capable individuals remain unlikely to return to their home countries. In summary, the traditional approaches used to reverse or abate brain drain have proved generally ineffective. Furthermore, various predictive studies do not foresee any decline whatsoever in the level of brain drain from developing countries. Plus, the opportunities for emigration are on the rise. Consequently, these results call for new, innovative approaches to address the brain drain problem. EXPERT SYSTEMS SOLUTION TO BRAIN DRAIN PROBLEM Expert systems, a kind of information technology， indeed provides an effective way to minimize the effects of brain drain from developing countries. However, before we explore how expert systems help in this respect, we need to briefly review such systems An expert system, sometimes called an advisory system, is a puter program that mimics the behavior of human experts within some specific domain of knowledge (Liebowitz, 1988, p. 3). An expert faced with a problem elicits or derives information from various sources pertaining that problem, and then, based on that information, arrives at some decision concerning that problem. Likewise, a user, consulting an expert system, provides data or information in response to queries from the system。 then, based on the information provided, the system furnishes an advice or a remendation. Expert systems may be used to seek advice, make a decision, or solve a problem. For example, DEC sales personnel use XSEL, an expert system, to remend a system to customers based on their requirements (Hicks and Lee, 1988). Likewise, expert systems help users select one of the many places to invest based on their financial conditions, goals, and personality traits (Frenzel, 1987). Also, expert systems exist to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, as well as to prescribe treatments (Frenzel, 1987). In short, expert systems have been developed and are utilized in science, medicine, engineering, manufacturing, business, and data processing (RauchHindin, 1988, p. 14). Table 1 lists some example expert systems. Wi。