英语口语教程-教师用书(doc50)-管理培训(编辑修改稿)

英语口语教程-教师用书(doc50)-管理培训(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

. They may see the US tendency to fidget and shift as an indication of lack of mental or spiritual balance. 2. In Chinese ―You must be tired‖ is expressions to show your concern and care to the one who has been mitted his/her work. However, in English, this expression will sometime cause misunderstanding. Appropriate expressions should be ―Did you have a good trip?‖ ―You must have had a tiring trip.‖ These are problems of pragmatic petence in crosscultural munication. Part 1 Ways to Look at Culture Activity 1 What is culture? Suggested answers to questions： 1) What, in your understanding, are patterns of acceptable behavior? This can be an open question. Through discussions, students will develop their awareness of customs and ways of life which are different in different cultures. Patterns of behaviors seem natural in one culture and may not be acceptable in another. 2) What does ―wellmeaning clashes‖ mean? ―Wellmeaning‖ means ―intending to be helpful and polite, but not succeeding.‖ because of cultural differences. Such failure of munication will leave a lasting impact on observers and make them learn about other cultures. Activity 2 What is surface culture and what is deep culture? Suggested answers to questions： 7 Obvious cultural element Subtle cultural element language values smile Communication rules eye contact concept of time Spatial arrangement belief Conversational style Daily practices pliments style gesture space food rituals Way to walk Background information: Daily practices differ from culture to culture. The differences are obvious. North Americans and Europeans put the family name last。 Asians put it first. Light switches and door knobs turn opposite ways in Japan and in the United States. Eye contact also differs from culture to culture. North Americans see eye contact as a sign of honesty, but in many cultures, dropped eyes are a sign of appropriate deference to a superior. Puerto Rican children are taught not to meet the eyes of adults The Japanese are taught to look at the neck. In Korea, prolonged eye contact is considered rude. The lowranking person is expected to look down first. Source from: Jerrold J. Merchchant, “Korean International Patterns: Implications for Korean/American Intercultural Communication,” Communication 9(October 1980):65. Spatial arrangements， such as the size, placement, and privacy of one’s office connote status. An individual office with a door that closes connotes more status than a desk in a mon area. Japanese firms see private offices as ―inappropriate and inefficient. Only the very highest executives and directors have private offices in the traditional Japanese pany. 8 Source from: Robert C. Christopher, Second to None: American Companies in Japan (New York: Crown, 1986), 10203. Activity 3 What causes cultural shocks? Suggested answers to question: Question 1: If Tom asked you for help in interpreting this incident, what would you say? There might be 4 explanations: 1. There is a cultural difference, and it focuses on the importance of invitations to dinner. 2. There is a cultural difference, and it focuses on the role of Chinese Americans living in China. 3. There is a cultural difference, and it focuses on Chinese who choose to spend their free time learning English. 4. There is a cultural difference, and it focuses on the importance of hierarchies Which one is reasonable? 1) The first explanation sounds unreasonable. Although dining with others is a mon and important activity in China, it has no special meaning in this incident. Wang Jun would have told Tom that he couldn39。 t play chess even if his superior had invited him to some other evening activity, such as a sporting event, theatrical presentation, or lecture at a nearby university. 2). The second explanation is not a good answer. Tom39。 s ethnic background is irrelevant, with the possible exception that Wang Jun may have thought that someone who looks Chinese would know how to interpret the event. 3) The third explanation is not a good answer. There is no special meaning surrounding the fact that Wang Jun wanted to learn English. All but the most fervently nationalistic Chinese business executives would be pleased that Wang Jun was learning English on his own time. 4) The fourth one is a good answer. The importance of knowing, and taking seriously, one39。 s place in society39。 s hierarchy must be understood by Americans who spend time in China (Hsu 1981。 Bond 1986). The generalization that should be kept in mind is that the Chinese value hierarchies and strive for clarity in vertical relationships. Americans recognize that some people are bosses and others are subordinates, but they are more fortable when there is movement toward a horizontal relationship. This generalization has many specific implications. For instance, in the United States many subordinates want to get on a firstname basis with their bosses. In China this is very rare. In the United States many subordinates feel that their free time (after work hours) is their own, 9 and they are not as likely to feel the need to honor requests from superiors that free time be spent in certain ways. In China there is not this sharp distinction between superiors39。 requests for how time is spent on and off the job, given the emphasis on vertical relationships and the corresponding respect subordinates have for superiors39。 wishes. Comments from the teacher:: In this incident Wang Jun received a request from his superior and felt the obligation to honor it. He realized that other Chinese would act in a similar manner, since My superior asked me to a social event is a satisfactory explanation when breaking a previous social obligation. Tom, on the other hand, was not sociali。