earningsanddiscrimination(编辑修改稿)

earningsanddiscrimination(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

. • When measuring the amount of discrimination, one must correct for differences in human capital and job characteristics. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Summary • Competitive markets tend to limit the impact of discrimination on wages. • Discrimination can persist in petitive markets if customers are • willing to pay more to discriminatory firms, • or if the government passes laws requiring firms to discriminate. Copyright169。 2020 SouthWestern 20 Ine Inequality and Poverty Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Ine Inequality and Poverty A person’s earnings depend on the supply and demand for that person’s labor, which in turn depend on natural ability, human capital, pensating differentials, discrimination, and so on. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern THE MEASUREMENT OF INEQUALITY • How much inequality is there in our society? • How many people live in poverty? • What problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality? • How often do people move among ine classes? Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Table 1 The Distribution of Ine in the United States: 2020 Copyright169。 2020 SouthWestern Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern . Ine Inequality • Imagine that you. . . • lined up all of the families in the economy according to their annual ine. • divided the families into five equal groups (bottom fifth, second fifth, etc.) • puted the share of total ine that each group of families received. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Table 2 Ine Inequality in the United States Copyright169。 2020 SouthWestern Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern . Ine Inequality • If ine were equally distributed across all families, each onefifth of families would receive onefifth (20 percent) of total ine. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern . Ine Inequality • From 19351970, the distribution of ine gradually became more equal. • In more recent years, this trend has reversed itself. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern . Ine Inequality • Reasons for Recent Increase in Ine Inequality • The following have tended to reduce the demand for unskilled labor and raise the demand for skilled labor: • Increases in international trade with lowwage countries • Changes in technology • Therefore, the wages of unskilled workers have fallen relative to the wages of skilled workers. • This has resulted in increased inequality in family ines. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern CASE STUDY: The Women’s Movement and the Ine Distribution • The percentage of women who hold jobs has risen from about 32 percent in the 1950s to about 54 percent in the 1990s. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern CASE STUDY: Ine Equality around the World Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern The Poverty Rate • The poverty rate is the percentage of the population whose family ine falls below an absolute level called the poverty line. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Problems in Measuring Inequality • The Poverty Line • The poverty line is an absolute level of ine set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Figure 1 The Poverty Rate Copyright169。 2020 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Percent of the Population below Poverty Line 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2020 Poverty rate 5 10 15 20 25 Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Problems in Measuring Inequality • The Poverty Line and Ine Inequality • As economic growth pushes the entire ine distribution upward, more families are pushed above the poverty line because the poverty line is an absolute rather than a relative standard. • Despite continued economic growth in average ine, the poverty rate has not declined. • Although economic growth has raised the ine of the typical family, the increase in inequality has prevented the poorest families from sharing in this greater economic prosperity. Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Table 4 Who Is Poor? Copyright169。 2020 SouthWestern Copyright 169。 2020 SouthWestern Problems in Measuring Inequality • Three Facts About Poverty • Poverty is correlate。