国贸理论与政策tariffsandnontariffbarriers(编辑修改稿)

国贸理论与政策tariffsandnontariffbarriers(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

40 50) / 50 = (Negative protection!) Protection of inputs is a negative protection on outputs. 19 Tariff Escalation by stages of processing 关税随着加工深度逐步升级而上升 • If all inputs and output have the same NRP, ERP = NRP. • If NRP on inputs NRP on output, NRP ERP. • Tariffs on finished products Tariffs on semifinished or intermediate products Tariffs on raw material • ERP on nontraded goods is negative! 20 NONTARIFF BARRIERS 21 1. Quotas 2. Subsidies 3. Government procurement采购 policies 4. Health and safety standards 5. Domestic contents requirement 6. Antidumping and countervailing duties Nontariff Barriers 22 Quotas • Governmentimposed limits on the quantity or value of imports or exports • Quotas are usually allocated on the basis of licenses. • Include voluntary export restraints (VER). 23 Figure Welfare effects of a quota 24 Equivalence等价 of tariffs and quotas Equivalence: • Changes in domestic price, consumption, production, imports, CS and PS are all identical. • If licenses are sold, they generate revenue equal to the tariff revenue. Nonequivalence: • The quantity restriction through quotas pr。