gmat逻辑总纲(编辑修改稿)

gmat逻辑总纲(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

s no medical dangers if consumed. (E) In Metropolis, conditions for handling and storing milk after pasteurization are seldom close to optimum. 例 3. The country of Maravia has severe air pollution, 80 percent of which is caused by the exhaust fumes of cars. In order to reduce the number of cars on the road, the government is raising taxes on the cost of buying and running a car by 20 percent. This tax increase, therefore will significantly reduce air pollution in Maravia. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? (A) The government of Maravia is in the process of building a significant number of roadways. (B) Maravia is an oilproducing country and is able to refine an amount of gasoline sufficient for the needs of its pollution. (C) Maravia has had an excellent public transportation system for many years. (D) Niy percent of the population of Maravia is very prosperous and has a substantial amount of disposable ine. (E) In Maravia, cars that emit relatively low levels of pollutions cost 10 percent less to operate, on average, than do cars that emit high levels of pollutions. （ 2） 他因。 BC 例 4. The excessive number of safety regulations that the federal government has placed on industry poses more serious hardships for big businesses than for small ones. Since large panies do everything on a more massive scale, they must alter more plex operations and spend much more money to meet government requirements. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above? (A) Small panies are less likely than large panies to have the capital reserve for improvements. (B) The operations of small panies frequently rely on the same technologies as the operations of large panies. (C) Safety regulation codes are uniform, established without reference to size of pany. (D) Large panies typically have more of their profits invested in other business than do small panies. (E) Large panies are in general more likely than small panies to diversity the markets and products. 4. 评价。 英文标志词： evaluate, appraisal. 当加强来做。 例 . According to a recent survey, marriage is fattening. Cited as evidence is the survey’s finding that the average woman gains 23 pounds and the average man gains 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage. The answer to which of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the reasoning presented in the survey? (A) Why was the period of time studied in the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14? (B) Did some of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the time they were married? (C) How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by single people of parable age to those surveyed? (D) Were the woman surveyed as active as the men surveyed, at the time survey was made? (E) Will the reported gains be maintained over the lifetimes of the persons surveyed? 二 . 第二种文章（因果结构）： 推测原因因果事实 BA   第三种文章（变态结构）： 推测前提结论事实 BA    因果 第二种文章的标志词： 文中： A is due to B。 A is attribute to B。 A is result of B。 blame B on/for A。 B is responsible for A。 credit A to B. 问题中： explanation, interpretation, hypothesis. 第三种文章的标志词： 与第一种文章相同，表面上是前提结论结构，实质为因果结构， 即结论是前提的解释。 1. 削弱。 (1) 断桥型。 ,AB AB 例 1. Artificial seaweed made of plastic has been placed on a section of coast in order to reverse beach erosion. The inventor of the seaweed has concluded that the recent buildup of sand on that section of coast proves that the artificial seaweed reverses beach erosion. Which of the following, if true, world most seriously weaken the inventor’s conclusion? (A) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast was less than had been predicted on the basis of the results obtained in controlled experiments. (B) Because artificial seaweed would be buried eventually by additional sand deposits on the coast, more artificial seaweed would need to be put in place every four years. (C) Artificial seaweed of another material which had been previously developed by the inventor failed to add sand to coastline in past trials. (D) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast is the same as the amount of recent sand buildup on otherwise very similar sections of coast without artificial seaweed. (E) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast, although considerable, is not yet enough to replace the amount lost during storms on that section of coast in the last twenty years. 例 2. The presence of microanisms that produce a toxin cause sweater to turn brownish red, phenomenon known as a red ride. Sea otters do not feed in areas where clams, their main source of food, have bee contaminated with this toxin. According to a proposed explanation of the otter’s behavior, the otters sample the clams in a potential feeding area and can taste any toxin in them. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly indicate that the hypothesis described in the last sentence of the passage of the passage is not correct? (A) In some of the area where red tides occur, neither clams nor sea otters are indigenous species. (B) The presence of sea otters in a given area has a significant effect on which other marine anisms are to be found in that areas. (C) When seawater in an area unaffected by red tide is artificially dyed brownish red, sea otters do not feed on the clams in that area. (D) If the clams in a given areas are contaminated with toxin, sea otters move to other areas in search of food. (E) Although very small amounts of the toxin produced during a red tide are not harmful, large doses can be fatal to animals the size of sea otters. 例 3. Since 1945 there have been numerous international confrontations as tense as those that preci。