20xx年考研英语试题及其答案(编辑修改稿)

20xx年考研英语试题及其答案(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

erfished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some longfished areas, it has halved again since then Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today‟s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise. Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery es when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business. 3 The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today. D、 Slowgrowing fish outlive fastgrowing ones 3 who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm‟s paper that A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90% B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old 3 By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf3), Dr worm means that A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly B、 then catchsizes are actually smaller then recorded C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date. 34 、 Dr Myers and other researchers hold that A、 people should look for a baseline that can‟t work for a longer time B、 fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C、 the ocean biomass should restored its original level. D、 people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation. 3 The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries‟ A、 management efficiency B、 biomass level C、 catchsize limits D、 technological application. Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists39。 only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn39。 t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth39。 s daffodils to Baudelaire39。 s flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it39。 s not as if earlier times didn39。 t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost pletely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of antihappy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a mercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass munication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but mercial, and forever happy .Fastfood e。