20xx年考研英语最后冲刺试卷(编辑修改稿)

20xx年考研英语最后冲刺试卷(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

l puters. ［ B］ ［ C］ put the power of the human beingsintosfull play. ［ D］ focus on different views concerning the factory of the future. 45. The word“deterrent”(Para. 4) most probably refers to ［ A］ advantage.［ B］ shorting.［ C］ disadvantage.［ D］ handicap. Vocabulary ze Text 2 Reverse discrimination, minority recruitment, racial quotas, and, more generally, affirmative action are phrases that carry powerful emotional charges. But why should affirmative action, of all government policies, be so controversial? In asense, affirmative action is like other governmental programs, ., defense, conservation, and public schools. Affirmative action programs are designed to achieve legitimate government objectives such as improved economic efficiency, reduced social tension, and general betterment of the public welfare. While it cannot be denied that there is no guarantee that affirmative action will achieve these results, neither can it be denied that there are plausible, even powerful, sociological and economic arguments pointing to its likely success. Government programs, however, entail a cost, that is, the expenditure of social or economic resources. Setting aside cases in which the specific user is chargeda fee for service (toll roads and tuition at state institutions), the burdens and benefits of publicly funded or mandated programs are widely an individual benefits personally from a government program, it is only because she or he is one member of a larger beneficiary class, ., a farmer。 and most government revenue is obtained through a scheme of general taxation to which all are subject. Affirmative action programs are exceptions to this general rule, though not, as might at first seeing, because the beneficiaries of the programs are specific individuals. It is still the case that those who ultimately benefit from affirmative action do so only by virtue of their status as members of a larger group, a particular minority. Rather, the difference is the location of the burden. In affirmative action, the burden of“funding”the program is not shared universally, and that is inherent in the nature of the case, as can be seen clearly in the case of affirmative action in employment. Often job promotions are allocated along a single dimension, seniority。 and when an employer promotes a less senior worker from a minority group, the person disadvantaged by the move is easily identified: the worker with Now we are confronted with two peting moral sentiments. On the one hand, there is the idea that those who have been unfairly disadvantaged by past discriminatory practices are entitled to some kind of assistance. On the other, there is the feeling that no person ought to be deprived of what is rightfully his or hers, even for the worthwhile service of fellow humans. In this respect, disability due to past racial discrimination, at least insofar as there is no connection tothe passedWhen a villainous man willfully and without provocation strikes and injures another, there is not only the feeling that the injured person ought to be pensated but there is consensus thatthe appropriate party to bear the cost is the one who inflicted the injury. Yet, if the same innocent man stumbled and injured himself, it would be surprising to hear someone argue that the villainous man ought to be taxed for the injury simply because he might have tripped the victim had he been given the opportunity. There may very well be agreement that he should be aided in his recovery with money and personal assistance, and many will give willingly。 but there is also agreement that no one individual ought to be singled out and forced to do what must ultimately be considered an act of charity. 46. The passage is primarily concerned with ［ A］ paring affirmative action programs to other government programs. ［ B］ arguing that affirmative action programs are morally justified. ［ C］ analyzing the basis for moral judgments about affirmative action programs. ［ D］ introducing the reader to the importance of affirmative action as a socialissue. 47. The author mentions toll roads and tuition at state institutions (Para. 2) insgroupsto ［ A］ anticipate a possible objection based on counterexamples. ［ B］ avoid a contradiction between moral sentiments. ［ C］ provide illustrations of mon government programs. ［ D］ offer examples of government programs that are too costly. 48. The author most likely places the word“funding”in quotation marks(Para. 4) insgroupsto remind the reader that ［ A］ affirmative action programs are costly in terms of government revenues. ［ B］ the cost of most government programs is shared by society at large. ［ C］ the beneficiaries of affirmative action are members of larger groups. ［ D］ the cost of affirmative action is not only a moary expenditure. 49. The“villainous man”discussed in the last paragraph functions primarily as ［ A］ an illustration.［ B］ counterexample. ［ C］ an explanation.［ D］ an analogy. 50. According to the passage, affirmative action programs are different in ［ A］ goals to be achieved.［ B］ ways of allocating resources. ［ C］ approaches of distributing costs.［ D］ means of promoting jobs. 在 …情况下 7. counterexample Text 3 In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leif’s return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes tha。