gmp知识---企业员工培训教材(编辑修改稿)

gmp知识---企业员工培训教材(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

he fam il y, started at once. The whol e day we unpacked the boxes, fi l ed the cupboards and ti di ed, until we were extrem el y ti red. We di d sl eep i n cl ean beds that night. We hadn’t had any warm food to eat al l day, but we didn’t care. Mummy and Margot were too ti red and worri ed to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAII Every cul ture has its own ways to show friendship. On the isl ands of H awai, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the l anguage of the H awai ans who fi rst setl ed the isl ands l ong ago, al oha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with happiness”. H awai i ans bel i eve that once som ebody l oves the l and, they are ready to l ove thei r peopl e or m unity. Thi s is the second m ost im port si gn of fri endshi p. It i s cal ed l okahi in H awaian l anguage, which means “oneness with al l peopl e”. To enjoy the l and you shoul d not be sel fish. The land is for everyone who li ves on i t. Today m any di ferent peopl e cal H awai i thei r hom e. Indeed, H awai i s a pl ace where peopl e m ake one bi g munity from many smal er munities. Each person gives kokua (hel p) to other peopl e so that al l fel stronger. It’s beli eved that the i sl ands can be a paradise when the peopl e l i ve i n peace. Peopl e are tol d that thei r acti ons shoul d be as gentl e as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When probl em s happen, peopl e are asked to solve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai tal k about ohana (fami ly), they are real ly tal ki ng about al those who l i ve on the i sl ands. Livi ng in peace, Hawai ans have devel oped a thi rd si gn of fri endshi p. This personal fri endshi p i s shown by gi vi ng l ei s to one another. The li e, a stri ng of fl owers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the friend is given a kis on cheek. Visitors to the isl ands are also given lies. When they hear al oha, vi si tors begin to feel at home. Al oha also means “goodbye”, so visitors wil l hear it again when they l eave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors wil remember their new friendship. Unit 2 TH E RO AD TO MO DERN EN GLISH At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven mi l i on peopl e spoke Engli sh. N earl y al of them li ved i n Engl and. Later i n the next century, peopl e from England m ade voyages to conquer other parts of the worl d and because of that, Engli sh begin to be spoken in m any other countri es. Today, m ore peopl e speak Engli sh as thei r fi rst, second or a forei gn l anguage than ever before. N ati ve Engli sh speakers can understand each other even i f they don39。 t speak the sam e ki nd of Engli sh. Look at thi s ki nd of exampl e: Bri ti sh Betty: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am eri can Am y: Yes. I’d l ike to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engli sh changed over tim e? Actual y al l anguages change and devel op when cultures m eet and m uni cate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engl i sh spoken i n Engl and between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di fferent the Engl ish spoken today. It was based m ore on Germ an than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 1150, Engl i sh becam e l es l i ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke fi rst Danish and later French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engli sh l anguage and especial y its vocabul ary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabul ary than ever before. In 1620 some Bri ti sh settl ers m oved to Ameri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh people were taken to Australi a too. Engl i sh began to be spoken i n both countri es. Fi nal y by the 19th century the l anguage was setl ed. At that ti me two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel ing happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote his di cti onary and l ater N oah Webster wrote The Ameri can Di ctionary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engli sh spel li ng. Engl ish now i s al so spoken as a forei gn or second l anguage i n South Asi a. For exam pl e, Indi a has a very l arge num ber of fluent Engli sh speakers because Bri tai n rul ed Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh becam e the l anguage for governm ent and educati on. Engl ish i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysi a and countri es i n Afri ca such as South Afri ca. Today the num ber of peopl e learni ng Engli sh i n Chi na is i ncreasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, China m ay have the l argest num ber of Engl ish l earners. Wi l Chi nese Engl i sh devel op i ts own i denti ty? O nl y ti me wil l tel l. STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engl i sh? Is it spoken i n Bri tai n, the US, Canada, Austral i a, Indi a and N ew Zeal and? Bel i eve i t or not, there is no such thi ng as standard Engl i sh. Many peopl e beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radi o i s standard Engli sh. Thi s i s because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel lent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radi o you wi l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressions different from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. American Engl ish has many dial ects, especial y the M i dwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a li ttl e di fferently. Am eri can Engl i sh has so m any di alects because peopl e have e from al over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part in m aking di alects. Som e people who li ve i n the m ountains of the eastern USA speak wi th an ol der kind of Engl i sh dial ect. When Am eri cans m oved from one pl ace to another, they took thei r di al ects wi th them . So peopl e from the m ountains i n the southeastern USA speak wi th alm ost the sam。