应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化_外文文献及译文(编辑修改稿)

应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化_外文文献及译文(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

as well as economization potentials of 3d data and applications also depend on the way the underlying data is stored (. locally in files versus databases or 3d geoinformation systems). In the sector of site and city marketing, tourism and business development, 3d visualization enables the presentation of business locations, municipalities, touristic sites and industrial presentations serve . for captive marketing activities, municipal advertisement of recreation and tourism locations, evaluation of aesthetical aspects of city planning as well as for the marketing of trade areas and industrial buildings. Marketing for sporting events as well as recreation infrastructures like bicycle paths, museums and exhibitions are counted among the tourism sector. Aim of the business marketing is the acquisition of investors for . trade and industry, panies, fairs, architects, hotels, restaurants, public transport, real estate providing panies. Especially in the sector of event and building management, 3d visualization supports the management aspect, . concerning the facility management of industrial buildings, event 6 locations and public establishments. Site models are used for calculations of area and volumeoriented services like mercial cleaning, seating, assurance value determination or fire fighting activities as well as for security surveillance concerning electricity and gas systems, partially in conjunction with external location based services. In the sector of city, traffic and regional planning, the 3d vizualisation of distributed 3d data resources facilitates the improvement of plan visualization as well as the support of decision making, analyses and planning activities. It prises . the visualization of building structures, civil engineering, and visibility applications concerning urban landuse planning and building permission procedures as well as monument protection and greenspace planning (tree and greenspace register). 3d visualization contributes in this sector especially to the improvement of work flows and efficiency, first of all in the context of municipal administrations, . by process simplification, higher degrees of citizen participation in planning procedures, more transparent decision making in planning processes, more realitylike presentations of planning alternatives (analysis of impacts), early rejection of nonrealistic alternatives or wellfounded support of council decisions. An active participation of citizens includes . the examination of planning alternatives over the inter by a standard web browser integrating annotation and decision possibilities. 3d GIS, high data actuality and updating as well as an ondemand access to distributed data resources are essential in this application field. Concerning the sector of traffic and transport, 3d visualization is employed in telematic applications like pedestrian and car navigation systems. Currently, manufacturers of navigation systems are acquiring 3d spatial data for the most important and famous landmarks in Europe which will be integrated in their navigation systems in the future. The sector of traffic and transport relies on high availability and interoperability of continuously updated, georeferenced 3d data. In the environmental sector 3d visualization is used especially for the presentation of analyses results. Dispersion models are employed for analyses of noise characteristics, air flows and emission dispersions. 3d visualization is also used for view determinations in the context of urban planning (new building projects, shadow and lighting effects). Presentations of water bodies in flood protection simulations and aspects of coastal and mudflat protection (waterway and port protection through monitoring of mudflat geomorphology, seismology and geology) employ 3d 7 visualization as well. Furthermore, 3d visualization can be used in the fields of landscape planning and environmental protection. . Scenarios for integrated 3d visualization If 3d spatial data are stored decentralized at different places, the totally covered space is fragmented. In his work on the consistency of distributed 2d spatial data resources Laurini distinguishes between zonal and layer fragmentation (Laurini 1998). For 3d data zonal fragmentation means a partitioning of the modeled 3d space where different resources contain spatial data of different regions resp. subspaces. Layer fragmentation describes instead situations where distributed data sets represent different aspects / elements of the same space (and in 2d maps are kept in different layers). According to this distinction two scenarios for integrated 3d geovisualization for distributed 3d city and region models can be developed. The socalled mosaic scenario manages the 3d visualization of large areas. 3d city and site models from different sources are embedded at the time of presentation into a regional model and are visualized together. This scenario is especially suited for building region portals, where areacovering presentation is needed on the one hand, and possibilities for detailed examination of locations of interest should be given on the other hand(“zoom in to the level of 3d building models”) In the hierarchy scenario visualization is focused on a specific area for which different providers at different locations contribute 3d spatial data. A typical application would be the integrated presentation of a 3d city model consisting of spatial objects with different degrees of detail. For example, while building models may be delivered by the city’s land registry office and the digital terrain model is retrieved from the state’s survey office, pany B provides vegetation and other 3d objects like traffic signs/lights that are needed to increase the degree of realism. Above, a pany C might contribute a highly detailed 3d m。