浅析愤怒的葡萄中汤姆的转变_毕业论文(编辑修改稿)

浅析愤怒的葡萄中汤姆的转变_毕业论文(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

Abstract An American novelist, story writer, playwright, and essayist, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902 and attended Stanford University intermittently. As an author of more than thirty books, Steinbeck achieved his first popular and critical successes for two short novels, Tortilla Flats and Of Mice and Men . His major contributions to literature also include The Pearl, Cannery Row, East of Eden, and The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. He is best remembered for The Grapes of Wrath , a novel widely considered to be a twentieth century classic. The epic about the migration of the Joads , driven from its bit of land in Oklahoma to California, touched off a wide debate about the hard life of migrant laborers, and helped to put an agricultural reform into effect. A portrait of the bitter conflict between the powerful and the powerless, of one man39。 s fierce reaction to injustice, and of a people39。 s quiet, stoical strength, The Grapes of Wrath is a landmark of American literature, one that captures the horrors of the Great Depression as it probes into the very nature of equality and justice in America.39。 （ 1）(Benson,1984:376) The study of John Steinbeck in this thesis centers on the figures of The Grapes of Wrath, and the whole thesis is divided into four parts: Introduction of the author , the man and his works。 chapter one , From an individualist to a collectivist。 chapter two ,From a worldly prisoner to a christen , chapter three, The causes for Tom‟s transition. The introduction has provided some basic information about Steinbeck and his literary creations, including his status in and contributions to American literature. The chapter one shows some ideas about the individual and collective thoughts of Tom Joad, the one show the changes take place on Tom‟s body and mind, and the results of the changes brought about. The chapter two provides the basic information about the Tom‟s changes from a worldly prisoner to a disciple. The chapter three shows the causes for the transition, and analysis the social surroundings and the dominant ideas in that period. Key words: transition： individualist： collectivist ： worldliness ： disciple Introduction A The Life Experience of John Steinbeck An American novelist, short story writer and journalist, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902 .His father was a government official ,and his mother a school teacher. He grew up at home reading British and French classics. He attended Stanford University intermittently between 1919 and 1925. Steinbeck did not graduate from the University , but instead chose to support himself through manual labor while writing. Steinbeck worked as an assistant chemist and a roadbuilding worker and was once employed on ranches, which enabled him to be familiar with the land and the laborers there. These experiences among the working classes in California provided firsthand observation of the attitudes, manners and language of the working men, and consequently lent authenticity to his depiction of the lives of the laborers who are the central characters of his most important novels. It is clear that environment, whether the accident of his birth and growth in the Salinas Valley of California or his own selection of various laboring jobs, figures largely in the source material of Steinbeck39。 s writings. In an age when so many Americans turned away from their native country as a source of inspiration, Steinbeck was an important exception. A mitment to his native California, especially to its rural poor, shines through his works. Judging from both the quality and quantity of his writing in 1930s, John Steinbeck39。 s residency in California ranks as the most professional element of his entire life .Finding his inspiration and subject matter mainly from his own land and his own people, Steinbeck is surely one of the most American of all modern American writers. Critics have tended to divide Steinbeck39。 s literary career into four phases. The first phase (19291935) marked his first appearing. In these early books, Steinbeck seems to be a writer of adventure romances and a symbolic realist. When Steinbeck39。 s first novel Cup of Gold, a romantic historical novel of adventure, appeared two months after the stock market crash of 1929 and the depression, it attracted little attention. His two subsequent novels, The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, again brought Steinbeck neither fame nor fortune. All these three novels were unsuccessful both critically and mercially. Steinbeck39。 s reputation as a writer had been firmly established owing to the circulation of such books as Tortilla Flat, In Dubious Battle and Of Mice and Men. It was with the publication of Tortilla Flat that Steinbeck achieved his first popular and critical success. Utilizing in Tortilla Flat the regional folk material of his California wanderings which was first introduced by him in The Pastures of Heaven, he gained a sudden fame that was to grow throughout the rest of the decade. when Dubious Battle appeared and Of Mice and Men appeared. Coming out in the midst of the Great Depression, these books fulfilled a strong cultural expectation of the reading public and created a climate for Steinbeck39。 s first big book The Grapes of Wrath. All of them were immensely popular and closely associated with the social and political environment of 1930s America. The Grapes of Wrath , when published, made a tremendous stir in the country. Owing to the success of these books, Steinbeck was once considered as the young American novelist whose future seems most exciting and most assured.2(Ibid:35) With T。