第一章基本概念chapter1basicconcepts(编辑修改稿)内容摘要:

rty Definition Symbol Volume Volume of a substance V m3 Internal Energy The translational, rotational and vibrational kiic energy of a substance U Joules (J) Enthalpy U + PV H Joules (J) Entropy The entropy is a measure of the lack of structure or the amount of disorder in a system S Joules/Kelvin (J / K)  比参数是单位质量的广延参数 Specific properties is extensive properties per unit mass. 比参数 : 比容 VvmUum比 内能 Hhm比 焓 Ssm比 熵 强度参数与广延参数 速度 动能 高度 位能 内能 温度 (强) (强) (强) (广) (广) (广) Velocity Kiic Energy Height Potential Energy Temperature Internal Energy (1) 定义 Definition 所谓 平衡状态就是指在 没有外界影响 的情况下,系统的状态 不随时间而发生变化。 A system in equilibrium experiences no changes with time when it is isolated from its surroundings. ( Equilibrium State) 167。 平衡状态和状态公理 Equilibrium State and State Postulate Monatomic gases Permanent diatomic gases Polyatomic gases A. 平衡状态下,系统内外不存在不平衡势差(推动力In an equilibrium state there are no unbalance potentials (or driving forces) B. A system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the condition of all the relevant types of equilibrium are satisfied. (2)如何实现热力学平衡 How to fulfill thermodynamic equilibrium?  力平衡 (Mechanical equilibrium ) If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time. 温差 Temperature differential 热不平衡势 Unbalanced potentials  热平衡( Thermal equilibrium ) If the temperature is the same throughout the entire system. 压差 Pressure differential 力不平衡势 Unbalanced potentials Monatomic gases Permanent diatomic gases Polyatomic gases  相平衡 ( Phase equilibrium) If a system involves two phases, when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there ,it is in phase equilibrium.  化学平衡 (Chemical equilibrium ) If no chemical reaction occur, that is, the chemical position does not change with time, a system is in chemical 温差 — 热不平衡势 压差 — 力不平衡势 相变 — 相不平衡势 化学反应 — 化学不平衡势 平衡的 本质 :不存在不平衡势 In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (3) 平衡 与稳定 Equilibrium amp。 Steady 稳定:参数不随时间变化 稳定 但存在 不平衡势差 去掉 外界影响, 则 状态变化 若以 (热源 +铜棒 +冷源)为系统,又如何。 稳定不一定平衡,但平衡一定稳定 (4) 平衡 与均匀 Equilibrium amp。 Even 平衡 :时间上 均匀 :空间上 平衡不一定均匀,单相平衡态则一定是均匀的 (1) 系统的平衡状态可以用确定的参数来描述 The equilibrium state of a system can be described by a set of properties. However, specify a certain number of properties is sufficient to fix a state. 2. 状态公理 The State Postulate 想确切描述某个热力系,是否需要所有状态参数。 确定 简单可压缩系统 的状态仅需要 两个彼此独立的 状态参数 The state of a simple ressible system is pletely specified by two independent properties. (2)状态公理 The State Postulate 独立参数数目 N=不平衡势差数 =能量转换方式的数目 =各种功的方式 +热量 = n+1  简单可压缩系统 A simple pressible system is a system in the absence of electrical magic, gravitational motion and surface tension effects.  Two independent properties: If one property can be varied while the other one is held constant. ( and T are independent properties for single phase systems, but are dependent properties for multiphase systems.) 绝热简单可压缩系统  N = ?  各状态参数不是互相独立的,只要知道二个状态参数就可以确定系统的状态。 Not all properties are independent of each other, if two independent properties are known, then other properties of the same state can be determined. Equation of State  状态方程  基本状态参数( p,v,T)之间的关系 The relationship between properties is called Equation of State () 状态方程 Equation of state 简单可压缩系统: N = 2 F( p,v,T)=0 P=f(T,v) T=f(P,v) v=f(P,T) 座标图 diagram 简单可压缩系统 N=2, 平面 坐标图 p v 1)系统任何平衡态可 表示在坐标图上 说明: 2)过程线中任意一点 为平衡态 3)不平衡态无法在图 上用实线表示 常见 pv图和 Ts图 2 1 167。 过程与循环 Process and Cycles 平衡状态 状态不变化 能量不能转换 非平衡状态 无法简单描述 Quasistatic or Quasiequilibrium process ( 1)过程和路径( Process and path) 热力过程: 工质从一个平衡状态过渡到另一个平衡 状态所经历的全部状态的总和。 Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process. 路径 : The series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. (2)准静态过程 Quasistatic or Quasiequilibrium process 一般过程 Process p1 = p0+重物 p, T p0 T1 = T0 突然去掉重物 最终 p2 = p0 T2 = T0 p v 1 2 . . 准静态过程 Quasistatic process p1 = p0+重物 p, T p0 T1 = T0 假如重物有无限多层 每次只去掉无限薄一层 p v 1 2 . . . 系统 随时 接近于平衡态 在 无限小势差推动 下的由 连续平衡态 组成的过程,就是准静态过程。 When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called a quasistatic or quasiequilibrium process. 准静态过程有实际意义吗。 Is it applicable? 既是平衡,又是变化 既可以用状态参数描述,又可进行热功转换 疑问: 理论上 准静态应无限缓慢,。
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