mode4ofthegatstakingstockmovingforwardwto(编辑修改稿)

mode4ofthegatstakingstockmovingforwardwto(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ecurity • political “unattractiveness” UNCTAD/CDTFT 15 Migrants: Benefits Migrants bear principal risks amp。 potentially reap largest rewards • but are often ignored in policy discussion Migrating individuals hope to gain through: • access to employment • wage differential (to sustain family at home) • enhanced skills • social exposure • safer, legal migration from DCs UNCTAD/CDTFT 16 Migrants: Challenges but there are also challenges • social disintegration amp。 long periods of separation from families • brain waste • potential for abuse, particularly for lower skilled amp。 female workers • inability to accumulate real savings • no integration in host country not wele by society UNCTAD/CDTFT 17 Zooming in on Mode 4 UNCTAD/CDTFT 18 Zooming in on Mode 4 Gains from Mode 4 liberalization expected to be substantial: • size of the services sector • ., services contribution to GDP: 72 % in IC amp。 52 % in DCs • services sector covers wide range of activities where (temporary) migration is or could occur • . professional, puterrelated, health, construction, tourism, agriculturerelated amp。 transport services, or other seasonal activities UNCTAD/CDTFT 19 Zooming in on Mode 4 Temporary/circular migration expected to generate particular development benefits • Country of origin • prodevelopment benefits, but less potential of brain drain。 brain gain upon return • Country of destination • filling labor market needs without bringing full challenges of immigrant integration • UN – High Level Dialogue on Migration amp。 Development • Global Forum on Migration amp。 Development • 2020, Manila: ”Protecting amp。 Empowering Migrants for Development” Roundtable 2 “Empowering Migrants and Diaspora to Contribute to Development” • 2020, Brussels, focusing on circular migration, . Roundtable , “ How can circular migration amp。 sustainable return serve as development tools” UNCTAD/CDTFT 20 Mode 4 Liberalization in WTO Taking Stock UNCTAD/CDTFT 21 “Mode 4”: the GATS Approach • Annex (to GATS): defines “natural persons” as: • service suppliers of a Member (selfemployed)。 • employees of a service supplier (i) as ICT or (ii) employee of a pany outside the territory of another Member。 • GATS addresses “temporary movement” • ., not access to employment market。 not covering measures regarding employment on a permanent basis。 • GATS does not apriori exclude: • any occupation or any skill level • Governments free to regulate entry amp。 (temp.) stay • provided this does not “nullify or impair” the mitments UNCTAD/CDTFT 22 “Mode 4”: Current Commitments Assessment given in plurilateral request • categories of natural persons for whom mitments are being sought is amongst most critical aspects • specific mitments in Mode 4 primarily horizontal • coverage of categories narrow amp。 restricted mainly to personnel related to mercial presence • coverage of categories delinked from mercial presence is extremely low • substantial improvements in coverage of categories amp。 substantial removal of market access limitations for each of them is key objective UNCTAD/CDTFT 23 “Mode 4”: Impact of Pattern in Current Commitments Mode 4, least libe。